Abstract

Depression is a serious mental disorder that affects more than 300 million people worldwide. Due to the lack of effective treatment methods, the pathogenesis of depression is necessary to study in order to understand its development and find new therapies. The review describes the main mechanisms of depression, including the monoamine hypothesis, impairment of the hipotalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, decreased production of neurotropic factors, and neuroinflammation. Genetic correlations, gene polymorphisms, and epigenetic mechanisms are also considered. Common and different features of the etiology are analyzed for depression and depressive conditions associated with other pathologies (schizophrenia, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer’s disease). Modern experimental methods used to investigate the molecular mechanisms of depressive conditions are described with a focus on gene knockouts in laboratory animals and the CRISPR/Cas technology. Consideration is given to optogenetic and chemogenetic methods and analyses of genetic polymorphisms and their combinations. The data may provide for a better integral understanding of the modern ideas about the pathogenesis of depression as an isolated or comorbid disorder and the prospects in studying the mechanisms of depressive conditions.

中文翻译：

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抑郁症的分子生物学方面：现代观点。

摘要

抑郁症是一种严重的精神障碍，全世界有超过3亿人受到影响。由于缺乏有效的治疗方法，有必要研究抑郁症的发病机制，以了解其发展并找到新的疗法。该综述描述了抑郁症的主要机制，包括单胺假说，丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴受损，神经营养因子产生减少和神经炎症。还考虑了遗传相关性，基因多态性和表观遗传机制。分析病因的共同特征和不同特征，以寻找与其他病理（精神分裂症，帕金森氏病和阿尔茨海默氏病）相关的抑郁和抑郁状况。描述了用于研究抑郁症分子机制的现代实验方法，重点是实验动物的基因敲除和CRISPR / Cas技术。考虑了光遗传学和化学遗传学方法以及遗传多态性及其组合的分析。数据可以更好地整体理解抑郁症作为一种孤立或合并症的发病机理的现代观念，以及对研究抑郁状况机制的前景。