The ability of pathogenic bacteria to stably infect the host depends on their capacity to respond and adapt to the host environment and on the efficiency of their defensive mechanisms. Bacterial envelope provides a physical barrier protecting against environmental threats. It also constitutes an important sensory interface where numerous sensing systems are located. Signal transduction systems include Two-Component Systems (TCSs) and alternative sigma factors. These systems are able to sense and respond to the ever-changing environment inside the host, altering the bacterial transcriptome to mitigate the impact of the stress. The regulatory networks associated with signal transduction systems comprise small regulatory RNAs (sRNAs) that can be directly involved in the expression of virulence factors. The aim of this review is to describe the importance of TCS- and alternative sigma factor-associated sRNAs in human pathogens during infection. The currently available genome-wide approaches for studies of TCS-regulated sRNAs will be discussed. The differences in the signal transduction mediated by TCSs between bacteria and higher eukaryotes and the specificity of regulatory RNAs for their targets make them appealing targets for discovery of new strategies to fight against multi-resistant bacteria.

中文翻译：

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细菌感染期间调节性 RNA 和信号转导系统之间的相互作用

病原菌稳定感染宿主的能力取决于其对宿主环境的反应和适应能力以及防御机制的效率。细菌包膜提供了抵御环境威胁的物理屏障。它还构成了众多传感系统所在的重要传感接口。信号转导系统包括双分量系统 (TCS) 和替代西格玛因子。这些系统能够感知并响应宿主体内不断变化的环境，改变细菌转录组以减轻压力的影响。与信号转导系统相关的调控网络包含可直接参与毒力因子表达的小调控RNA (sRNA)。本综述的目的是描述 TCS 和替代 sigma 因子相关 sRNA 在人类病原体感染期间的重要性。将讨论目前用于 TCS 调节 sRNA 研究的全基因组方法。细菌和高等真核生物之间TCS介导的信号转导差异以及调节RNA对其靶标的特异性使它们成为寻找对抗多重耐药细菌的新策略的有吸引力的靶标。