Chronic high glucose (HG) exposure increases methylglyoxal (MGO)-derived advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) and is involved in the onset of pathological conditions, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis and chronic-degenerative diseases. Under physiologic conditions the harmful effects of MGO are contrasted by glyoxalase system that is implicated in the detoxification of Reactive Carbonyl Species (RCS) and maintain the homeostasis of the redox environment of the cell. Polyphenols are the most abundant antioxidants in the diet and present various health benefits. Aims of the study were to investigate the effects of HG-chronic exposure on glyco-oxidation and glyoxalase system in intestinal cells, using CaCo-2 cells. Moreover, we studied the effect of apple polyphenols on glyco-oxidative stress. Our data demonstrated that HG-treatment triggers glyco-oxidation stress with a significant increase in intracellular Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS), lipid peroxidation, AGEs, and increase of Glyoxalase I (GlxI) activity. On the contrary, Glyoxalase II (GlxII) activity was lower in HG-treated cells. We demonstrate that apple polyphenols exert a protective effect against oxidative stress and dicarbonyl stress. The increase of total antioxidant capacity and glutathione (GSH) levels in HG-treated cells in the presence of apple polyphenols was associated with a decrease of GlxI activity.

中文翻译：

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保护多酚抵抗乙醇氧化应激：乙二醛酶途径的参与

慢性高血糖（HG）暴露会增加甲基乙二醛（MGO）衍生的晚期糖基化终产物（AGEs），并参与诸如糖尿病，动脉粥样硬化和慢性退行性疾病等病理状况的发作。在生理条件下，乙二醛酶系统可与MGO的有害作用形成对比，乙二醛酶系统参与了活性羰基物质（RCS）的解毒作用并维持了细胞氧化还原环境的稳态。多酚是饮食中最丰富的抗氧化剂，并具有多种健康益处。该研究的目的是使用CaCo-2细胞研究HG长期暴露对肠道细胞糖氧化和乙二醛酶系统的影响。此外，我们研究了苹果多酚对糖氧化应激的影响。我们的数据表明，HG处理可触发糖氧化应激，并显着增加细胞内活性氧（ROS），脂质过氧化，AGEs和乙二醛酶I（GlxI）活性。相反，在经HG处理的细胞中，乙二醛酶II（GlxII）活性较低。我们证明了苹果多酚对氧化应激和二羰基应激具有保护作用。在苹果多酚存在下，经过HG处理的细胞中总抗氧化剂能力和谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平的增加与GlxI活性的降低有关。我们证明了苹果多酚对氧化应激和二羰基应激具有保护作用。在苹果多酚存在下，经过HG处理的细胞中总抗氧化剂能力和谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平的增加与GlxI活性的降低有关。我们证明了苹果多酚对氧化应激和二羰基应激具有保护作用。苹果多酚存在下，经过HG处理的细胞中总抗氧化剂能力和谷胱甘肽（GSH）水平的增加与GlxI活性的降低有关。