The concept of symbiosis, a mutually beneficial relationship, can be applied to food and energy systems. Greenhouse systems and biogas plants are interesting technologies for food–energy symbiosis, because both are usually based in rural areas and offer opportunities for the exchange of materials (e.g., biomass waste from the greenhouse as input to biogas plants) and energy (heat from biogas co-generation for heating greenhouses). In this paper, the focus lies on manure resources for biogas in Switzerland, because manure amounts are high and currently largely underused. We provide a spatial analysis of the availability of manure as feedstock to biogas plants and heat source for greenhouses. In this feasibility study, we coupled the potential waste heat supply from manure-based biogas and the greenhouse peak heat demand. We quantified the area-based greenhouse heating demand for year-around tomato production (from 0.98 to 2.67 MW ha⁻¹ where the farms are located) and the available heat supply from manure-based biogas (up to 3,200 GJ a⁻¹ km⁻²). A total maximum greenhouse area of 104 ha could be sustained with manure-based biogas heat, producing 20,800 tonnes a⁻¹ tomatoes. This amounts to 11% of the total domestic tomato demand. Although the results are specific to Switzerland, our method can be adapted and also applied to other regions.

中文翻译：

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食物和能源系统之间的共生机会：基于粪便的沼气作为温室生产热源的潜力

共生的概念是一种互利的关系，可以应用于食品和能源系统。温室系统和沼气厂是食物-能源共生的有趣技术，因为两者通常都位于农村地区，并提供交换材料（例如，温室中的生物质废物作为沼气厂的输入）和能源（沼气产生的热量）的机会供暖温室的热电联产）。在本文中，重点在于瑞士沼气的粪便资源，因为粪便量很高，目前在很大程度上未得到充分利用。我们对粪便作为沼气厂的原料和温室的热源的可用性进行了空间分析。在这项可行性研究中，我们将粪便沼气的潜在废热供应与温室峰值热量需求相结合。^-1农场所在的位置）和来自粪便沼气的可用热供应（高达 3,200 GJ a ^-1 km ^-2）。以粪肥为基础的沼气加热可以维持 104 公顷的最大温室面积，生产 20,800 吨 a ^-1西红柿。这相当于国内番茄总需求的 11%。尽管结果特定于瑞士，但我们的方法可以适应并应用于其他地区。