Sunset yellow (SY), an azo dye, is commonly used in the food industry. The scientific literature contains little information regarding the effects of SY on small intestinal epithelial cells (IECs). In this study, a small intestinal organoid model was used in in vitro toxicological studies of SY, and intestinal inflammatory responses in vivo to SY were investigated with the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)‐induced intestinal inflammation model in C57BL/6 mice. The intestinal organoids were cultured with 2 μg/ml SY for two generations, the growth rates were analyzed, and the expressions of cell lineages were assayed. For inflammatory responses, mice were fed with a diet containing 40 mg/kg diet SY and treated with 2.5% DSS for 7 days. The results showed that SY inhibited the growth of the organoids by inhibiting the proliferation and disturbing the differentiation of IECs. Furthermore, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and oxidative stress levels were elevated in SY‐treated organoids. In DSS‐treated mice, the disease activity index and expression levels of interleukin‐1β and tumor necrosis factor‐α were enhanced in the SY group, concluding that SY exacerbated DSS‐induced intestinal inflammation. Taken together, these findings revealed that SY could disturb the homeostasis of the small intestinal epithelium by generating high levels of ER stress and oxidative stress, with long‐term continuous consumption of SY potentially increasing the risk of intestinal inflammation.

中文翻译：

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日落黄对小鼠肠道类器官肠上皮细胞增殖分化的影响

日落黄 (SY) 是一种偶氮染料，常用于食品工业。科学文献中几乎没有关于 SY 对小肠上皮细胞 (IEC) 影响的信息。在本研究中，小肠类器官模型用于 SY 的体外毒理学研究，并在 C57BL/6 小鼠中使用葡聚糖硫酸钠 (DSS) 诱导的肠道炎症模型研究了 SY 的体内肠道炎症反应。肠道类器官用2 μg/ml SY培养两代，分析生长速率，测定细胞谱系的表达。对于炎症反应，小鼠喂食含有 40 mg/kg 饮食 SY 的饮食，并用 2.5% DSS 处理 7 天。结果表明SY通过抑制IECs的增殖和分化来抑制类器官的生长。此外，SY处理的类器官的内质网（ER）应激和氧化应激水平升高。在 DSS 治疗的小鼠中，SY 组的疾病活动指数和白细胞介素-1β 和肿瘤坏死因子-α 的表达水平增强，结论是 SY 加剧了 DSS 诱导的肠道炎症。综上所述，这些发现表明，SY 可以通过产生高水平的 ER 应激和氧化应激来扰乱小肠上皮的稳态，长期持续食用 SY 可能会增加肠道炎症的风险。SY处理的类器官中内质网（ER）应激和氧化应激水平升高。在 DSS 治疗的小鼠中，SY 组的疾病活动指数和白细胞介素-1β 和肿瘤坏死因子-α 的表达水平增强，结论是 SY 加剧了 DSS 诱导的肠道炎症。综上所述，这些发现表明，SY 可以通过产生高水平的 ER 应激和氧化应激来扰乱小肠上皮的稳态，长期持续食用 SY 可能会增加肠道炎症的风险。SY处理的类器官中内质网（ER）应激和氧化应激水平升高。在 DSS 治疗的小鼠中，SY 组的疾病活动指数和白细胞介素-1β 和肿瘤坏死因子-α 的表达水平增强，结论是 SY 加剧了 DSS 诱导的肠道炎症。综上所述，这些发现表明，SY 可以通过产生高水平的 ER 应激和氧化应激来扰乱小肠上皮的稳态，长期持续食用 SY 可能会增加肠道炎症的风险。