Microglia are known as the tissue‐resident macrophages of the central nervous system (CNS). Yet their unique ontogeny and distinguishing features endowed by the privileged nature of their environment have set them apart from other myeloid cells in the body. Microglia spectrum of activity enables their participation in the maintenance of homeostasis and disease processes via their interaction with CNS cells as well as the recruitment and stimulation of immune components. Microglia are now taking centre stage in the study of brain pathology, with a mounting body of evidence supporting their involvement in the genesis and progression of multiple CNS disorders. The study of myeloid cells in brain pathology is complicated by the presence of additional CNS‐associated macrophages found in CNS borders and the frequent infiltration of peripheral myeloid cells, in addition to microglia in the brain parenchyma. However, recent advancements in multi‐omics technologies and hosts of new disease and lineage‐tracing models have pushed the field towards more accurate characterisation of disease‐associated myeloid subsets, which accounts for their ontogeny.

中文翻译：

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中枢神经系统的髓侧

小胶质细胞被称为中枢神经系统 (CNS) 的组织驻留巨噬细胞。然而，它们独特的个体发育和独特的环境赋予了它们独特的特征，使它们与体内其他骨髓细胞区分开来。小胶质细胞的活动谱使其能够通过与 CNS 细胞的相互作用以及免疫成分的募集和刺激参与维持体内平衡和疾病过程。小胶质细胞现在正处于脑病理学研究的中心位置，越来越多的证据支持它们参与多种中枢神经系统疾病的发生和进展。除了脑实质中的小胶质细胞外，在 CNS 边界发现额外的 CNS 相关巨噬细胞和外周髓细胞的频繁浸润使脑病理学中的髓细胞研究变得复杂。然而，多组学技术和新疾病宿主和谱系追踪模型的最新进展推动该领域更准确地表征疾病相关的髓样亚群，这解释了它们的个体发育。