Abstract Many railway embankments sustained extensive damage due to the tsunami triggered by the 2011 off the Pacific Coast of Tohoku Earthquake, and the operations of several railway lines were suspended for an extended period of time. Numerous studies have been conducted on enhancing the earthquake resistance of embankments, and this has led to the wide application of geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) structures. However, only a few studies have been conducted on enhancing the tsunami resistance of embankments. Based on onsite surveys and wave model experiments, the authors concluded that the damage to embankments was mainly caused by the large-scale earthquake occurring prior to the onset of the tsunami, and by the prolonged tsunami overflows that eroded the embankment bodies and the supporting ground. In this study, therefore, two types of model tests were performed in order to propose a sturdy tsunami-resistant soil structure that exhibits ductile behavior against an earthquake prior to the onset of a tsunami as well as against prolonged overflowing. It was confirmed that conventional embankments with sufficient seismic stability can be rapidly eroded by overflowing. On the other hand, the GRS method was found to be very effective for resisting the erosion of embankments due to overflowing. Furthermore, given that the collapse of river dikes and levees due to overflows is often reported during heavy rainfall events, the findings obtained in the study are considered applicable to embankments as well as to river dikes and levees.

中文翻译：

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开发抗强烈地震和海啸长期溢流的土工合成材料加筋土路堤

摘要 2011年东北太平洋沿岸地震引发海啸，多条铁路路基大面积损毁，多条铁路线路长期停运。已经进行了大量关于增强路堤抗震性的研究，这导致了土工合成材料加筋土（GRS）结构的广泛应用。然而，关于增强路堤抗海啸能力的研究还很少。通过现场勘察和波浪模型实验，作者得出结论，堤防的破坏主要是由于海啸发生前发生的大地震，以及长期的海啸溢流侵蚀了堤身和支护地面造成的。 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . 因此，在本研究中，进行了两种类型的模型测试，以提出一种坚固的抗海啸土壤结构，该结构在海啸发生之前表现出抗震的延展性以及抗长期溢出。已经证实，具有足够地震稳定性的常规路堤可以被溢流迅速侵蚀。另一方面，发现 GRS 方法对于抵抗因溢流造成的路堤侵蚀非常有效。此外，鉴于在强降雨事件期间经常报告因溢流导致河堤和堤坝坍塌，因此研究中获得的结果被认为适用于堤防以及河堤和堤坝。