Oligodendrocytes are main targets in demyelinating and dysmyelinating diseases of the central nervous system (CNS), but are also involved in accidental, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders. The underlying pathology of these diseases is not fully understood and treatments are still lacking. The recent discovery of the induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology has open the possibility to address the biology of human oligodendroglial cells both in the dish and in vivo via engraftment in animal models, and paves the way for the development of treatment for myelin disorders. In this review, we make a short overview of the different sources human oligodendroglial cells, and animal models available for pre-clinical cell therapy. We discuss the anatomical and functional benefit of grafted iPSC-progenitors over their brain counterparts, their use in disease modeling and the missing gaps that still prevent to study their biology in the most integrated way, and to translate iPSC-stem cell based therapy to the clinic.

少突胶质细胞是中枢神经系统 (CNS) 脱髓鞘和髓鞘发育不良疾病的主要靶点，但也与意外、神经退行性和精神疾病有关。这些疾病的潜在病理学尚未完全了解，并且仍然缺乏治疗方法。最近发现的诱导多能干细胞 (iPSC) 技术为通过动物模型移植在培养皿和体内解决人类少突胶质细胞生物学问题开辟了可能性，并为开发治疗髓鞘疾病铺平了道路. 在这篇综述中，我们简要概述了不同来源的人类少突胶质细胞，以及可用于临床前细胞治疗的动物模型。我们讨论了移植的 iPSC 祖细胞相对于其大脑对应物的解剖学和功能益处，