Recently, infertility has become a major global issue. It is crucial to identify environmental factors that lead to infertility. The prevalent use of pesticides in agriculture results in the exposure of livestock and humans to these pesticides. Studies have reported the harmful effects of pesticides on pregnancy. Pyridaben, a pesticide that inhibits mitochondrial complex 1, has been reported to have detrimental effects on neurons, spermatogenesis, hormonal balance, and embryonic development. However, the effect of pyridaben on the female reproductive system has not yet been studied. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the effects of pyridaben on early pregnancy in porcine reproductive cell lines, which are known to mimic the female reproductive system. Results demonstrated that pyridaben decreased cell growth in porcine endometrial luminal epithelial and porcine trophectoderm cell lines through inhibition of cell signal transduction. Further, pyridaben increased subG1 phase and late apoptosis through the induction of reactive oxygen species production, mitochondrial dysfunction, calcium unbalances, pro-apoptotic signals, and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Moreover, we found that pyridaben induced autophagy and inhibition of placentation through the regulation of ER-mitochondria axis proteins. Overall, pyridaben was found to be harmful in early pregnancy in pigs and may have similar effects in human pregnancy.

中文翻译：

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Pyridaben 在妊娠早期通过细胞内机制抑制细胞生长并诱导细胞死亡

最近，不孕症已成为一个主要的全球问题。确定导致不育的环境因素至关重要。农药在农业中的普遍使用导致牲畜和人类接触这些农药。研究报告了杀虫剂对怀孕的有害影响。Pyridaben 是一种抑制线粒体复合物 1 的杀虫剂，据报道对神经元、精子发生、激素平衡和胚胎发育有不利影响。然而，尚未研究哒螨灵对女性生殖系统的影响。因此，在本研究中，我们评估了哒螨灵对猪生殖细胞系早期妊娠的影响，这些细胞系已知可模拟雌性生殖系统。结果表明，哒螨灵通过抑制细胞信号转导降低了猪子宫内膜腔上皮和猪滋养外胚层细胞系的细胞生长。此外，哒螨灵通过诱导活性氧产生、线粒体功能障碍、钙失衡、促凋亡信号和内质网 (ER) 应激增加 subG1 期和晚期细胞凋亡。此外，我们发现哒螨灵通过调节内质网线粒体轴蛋白诱导自噬和抑制胎盘形成。总体而言，哒螨灵在猪的妊娠早期被发现是有害的，并且可能对人类妊娠产生类似的影响。哒螨灵通过诱导活性氧产生、线粒体功能障碍、钙不平衡、促凋亡信号和内质网 (ER) 应激来增加 subG1 期和晚期细胞凋亡。此外，我们发现哒螨灵通过调节内质网线粒体轴蛋白诱导自噬和抑制胎盘形成。总体而言，哒螨灵在猪的妊娠早期被发现是有害的，并且可能对人类妊娠产生类似的影响。哒螨灵通过诱导活性氧产生、线粒体功能障碍、钙不平衡、促凋亡信号和内质网 (ER) 应激来增加 subG1 期和晚期细胞凋亡。此外，我们发现哒螨灵通过调节内质网线粒体轴蛋白诱导自噬和抑制胎盘形成。总体而言，哒螨灵在猪的妊娠早期被发现是有害的，并且可能对人类妊娠产生类似的影响。