Abstract The analysis of bioavailability and potential risk to human health of trace and minor elements bound to atmospheric PM2.5 was carried out at an urban background site in Warsaw, Poland during a 40-day winter period. The samples were sequentially extracted into four different fractions: water soluble (F1), reducible (F2), oxidizable (F3) and residual fraction (F4) for the chemical fractionation of 8 elements: As, Cd, K, Mn, Pb, Sb, Ti and Zn, and further analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry in each fraction. The average PM2.5 mass concentration of 31.81 μg/m3 (±19.73 μg/m3) was exceeding daily WHO air quality guideline, while concentrations rose up to 50–70 μg/m3 during episode days. Total concentrations of all analyzed elements were higher during the episode periods, with the highest increases for K, Pb (2 times) and Cd (1.7 times). All elements exhibited high bioavailability, as well as very high (K, Ti, Zn) and high (As, Cd, Mn, Pb, Sb) risk assessment code, with both features rising in episodic days up to 20% and more than 60%, respectively. Cancer risk for adults resulted from inhalation exposure to the most bioavailable fractions (F1 and F2) of human carcinogen As. It was higher than the precautionary criterion (1 · 10−6) and increased during the days with elevated PM2.5 levels.

中文翻译：

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中东欧城市背景站点冬季期间大气 PM2.5 中元素的生物有效性

摘要 在波兰华沙的一个城市背景地点，在 40 天的冬季期间，对与大气 PM2.5 结合的微量元素和微量元素的生物利用度和对人类健康的潜在风险进行了分析。将样品依次提取为四种不同的组分：水溶性 (F1)、还原性 (F2)、可氧化组分 (F3) 和残留组分 (F4)，用于化学分馏 8 种元素：As、Cd、K、Mn、Pb、Sb 、Ti 和 Zn，并使用电感耦合等离子体质谱法进一步分析每个部分。PM2.5 的平均质量浓度为 31.81 微克/立方米（±19.73 微克/立方米），超过了世卫组织的每日空气质量指南，而在发作日浓度上升至 50-70 微克/立方米。在发作期间，所有分析元素的总浓度较高，K 的增幅最大，Pb（2 倍）和 Cd（1.7 倍）。所有元素都表现出高生物利用度，以及非常高（K、Ti、Zn）和高（As、Cd、Mn、Pb、Sb）风险评估代码，这两种特征在偶发天数中上升至 20% 和超过 60 ％， 分别。成人的癌症风险是由于吸入暴露于人类致癌物 As 中最具生物利用度的部分（F1 和 F2）。它高于预防标准 (1 · 10-6)，并在 PM2.5 水平升高的日子里增加。