Aureobasidium strains isolated from diverse unconventional environments belonging to the species A. pullulans, A. melanogenum, and A. subglaciale were evaluated for Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) production as a part of their modes of action against Botrytis cinerea of tomato and table grape. By in vitro assay, VOCs generated by the antagonists belonging to the species A. subglaciale showed the highest inhibition percentage of the pathogen mycelial growth (65.4%). In vivo tests were conducted with tomatoes and grapes artificially inoculated with B. cinerea conidial suspension, and exposed to VOCs emitted by the most efficient antagonists of each species (AP1, AM10, AS14) showing that VOCs of AP1 (A. pullulans) reduced the incidence by 67%, partially confirmed by the in vitro results. Conversely, on table grape, VOCs produced by all the strains did not control the fungal incidence but were only reducing the infection severity (< 44.4% by A. pullulans; < 30.5% by A. melanogenum, and A. subglaciale). Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and subsequent gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry identified ethanol, 3-methyl-1-butanol, 2-methyl-1-propanol as the most produced VOCs. However, there were differences in the amounts of produced VOCs as well as in their repertoire. The EC50 values of VOCs for reduction of mycelial growth of B. cinerea uncovered 3-methyl-1-butanol as the most effective compound. The study demonstrated that the production and the efficacy of VOCs by Aureobasidium could be directly related to the specific species and pathosystem and uncovers new possibilities for searching more efficient VOCs producing strains in unconventional habitats other than plants.

中文翻译：

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短梗霉属挥发性有机化合物对番茄和鲜食葡萄灰霉病的生物活性


对从不同非常规环境中分离出的Aureobasidium菌株进行了挥发性有机化合物（VOC）生产评估，作为其对抗番茄和鲜食葡萄灰葡萄孢的作用方式的一部分。通过体外测定，冰下曲霉拮抗剂产生的VOCs对病原体菌丝生长的抑制率最高（65.4%）。对人工接种灰霉病分生孢子悬浮液的番茄和葡萄进行体内测试，并将其暴露于各物种最有效的拮抗剂（AP1、AM10、AS14）释放的 VOC 中，结果表明 AP1（出芽短梗霉）的 VOC 降低了发生率降低了 67%，体外结果部分证实了这一点。相反，在鲜食葡萄上，所有菌株产生的 VOC 并不能控制真菌发病率，而只能降低感染严重程度（出芽短梗霉 < 44.4%；黑色长霉和冰下长霉 < 30.5%）。固相微萃取 (SPME) 和随后的气相色谱与质谱联用确定乙醇、3-甲基-1-丁醇、2-甲基-1-丙醇是产生最多的 VOC。然而，产生的挥发性有机化合物的量及其组成成分存在差异。 VOC 减少灰霉病菌菌丝体生长的 EC50 值表明 3-甲基-1-丁醇是最有效的化合物。该研究表明，Aureobasidium 的 VOC 产生和功效可能与特定物种和病理系统直接相关，并为在植物以外的非常规生境中寻找更有效的 VOC 产生菌株提供了新的可能性。