Due to increasing awareness about the environmental impacts of oil-based synthetic dyes used in textile coloration, the research on natural dyes from sustainable resources has gained importance again. In this study, the ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) technique was employed for the extraction process of colorants from Hawthorn fruits. Various solvents (e.g., methanol, acetone, ethanol, water, a mixture of ethanol and water) were used for the extraction process. Compared to the conventional extraction technique, the UAE technique was found to improve the extraction efficiency between 20 and 70% depending on the type of solvent. The synergistic dye extraction efficiency was observed when a mixture of water and ethanol was used for conventional and UAE processes, and consequently, W1/4E was selected as the most efficient mixture. The important parameters, such as dried fruit powder concentration, initial pH, extraction time and temperature, were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). A second-order polynomial model was developed for estimating the extraction efficiency based on the important initial parameters. The maximum extraction yield was achieved at the initial dried fruit powder of 8 g/L, at pH 5, 60 °C after 40 min. Three main flavonoids (i.e., quercetin, rutin, kaempferol) were detected in the extracted solvent from Hawthorn fruits by FTIR and HPLC techniques. Polyamide (nylon 6) fabric was successfully dyed by the extracted natural colorants with relatively high colorfastness properties. The dyed fabric also showed remarkable antimicrobial properties against E. coli and S. aureus. This study indicated that the natural colorants extracted from Hawthorn fruits were promising for textile coloration with noticeable antioxidant and antimicrobial properties.

中文翻译：

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超声辅助提取山楂果中天然染料用于聚酰胺织物染色并研究其牢度、抗菌和抗氧化性能

由于人们越来越意识到用于纺织品着色的油基合成染料对环境的影响，对来自可持续资源的天然染料的研究再次变得重要。本研究采用超声辅助提取 (UAE) 技术从山楂果实中提取色素。各种溶剂（例如，甲醇、丙酮、乙醇、水、乙醇和水的混合物）用于提取过程。与传统的提取技术相比，UAE 技术被发现可以根据溶剂的类型将提取效率提高 20% 到 70%。当水和乙醇的混合物用于常规和阿联酋工艺时，观察到协同染料提取效率，因此，W1/4E 被选为最有效的混合物。使用响应面法 (RSM) 优化了重要参数，例如干果粉浓度、初始 pH 值、提取时间和温度。开发了一个二阶多项式模型，用于基于重要的初始参数估计提取效率。在 8 g/L 的初始干果粉、pH 5、60 °C 下 40 分钟后达到最大提取率。通过FTIR和HPLC技术在山楂果实的提取溶剂中检测到三种主要的黄酮类化合物（即槲皮素、芦丁、山奈酚）。聚酰胺（尼龙6）织物被提取的天然着色剂成功染色，具有较高的色牢度。染色织物还显示出显着的抗大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌性能。