Macroecology is the study of patterns, and the processes that determine those patterns, in the distribution and abundance of organisms at large scales, whether they be spatial (from hundreds of kilometres to global), temporal (from decades to centuries), and organismal (numbers of species or higher taxa). In the context of invasion ecology, macroecological studies include, for example, analyses of the richness, diversity, distribution, and abundance of alien species in regional floras and faunas, spatio-temporal dynamics of alien species across regions, and cross-taxonomic analyses of species traits among comparable native and alien species pools. However, macroecological studies aiming to explain and predict plant and animal naturalisations and invasions, and the resulting impacts, have, to date, rarely considered the joint effects of species traits, environment, and socioeconomic characteristics. To address this, we present the MAcroecological Framework for Invasive Aliens (MAFIA). The MAFIA explains the invasion phenomenon using three interacting classes of factors – alien species traits, location characteristics, and factors related to introduction events – and explicitly maps these interactions onto the invasion sequence from transport to naturalisation to invasion. The framework therefore helps both to identify how anthropogenic effects interact with species traits and environmental characteristics to determine observed patterns in alien distribution, abundance, and richness; and to clarify why neglecting anthropogenic effects can generate spurious conclusions. Event-related factors include propagule pressure, colonisation pressure, and residence time that are important for mediating the outcome of invasion processes. However, because of context dependence, they can bias analyses, for example those that seek to elucidate the role of alien species traits. In the same vein, failure to recognise and explicitly incorporate interactions among the main factors impedes our understanding of which macroecological invasion patterns are shaped by the environment, and of the importance of interactions between the species and their environment. The MAFIA is based largely on insights from studies of plants and birds, but we believe it can be applied to all taxa, and hope that it will stimulate comparative research on other groups and environments. By making the biases in macroecological analyses of biological invasions explicit, the MAFIA offers an opportunity to guide assessments of the context dependence of invasions at broad geographical scales.

中文翻译：

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侵入性外来生物的宏观生态学框架（MAFIA）：解开生物入侵中的大规模背景依赖

宏观生态学是对模式的研究，以及确定这些模式的过程，涉及大规模的生物分布和丰富度，无论它们是空间的（从几百公里到全球），时间的（从几十年到几个世纪）和有机的（物种数量或更高的分类单元）。在入侵生态学的背景下，宏观生态学研究包括，例如分析区域动植物群中外来物种的丰富性，多样性，分布和丰富性，跨区域外来物种的时空动态以及对跨界生物分类学的分析。可比较的本地和外来物种库之间的物种特征。但是，迄今为止，旨在解释和预测动植物的归化和入侵及其后果的宏观生态学研究，很少考虑物种特征，环境和社会经济特征的共同影响。为了解决这个问题，我们提出了外来入侵的宏观生态学框架（MAFIA）。MAFIA使用三类相互作用的因素（外来物种特征，位置特征和与引入事件相关的因素）来解释入侵现象，并将这些相互作用明确映射到从运输到归化再到入侵的入侵序列上。因此，该框架有助于确定人为影响如何与物种特征和环境特征相互作用，以确定观察到的外星人分布，丰富度和丰富度的模式；并阐明为什么忽略人为影响会产生虚假结论。与事件相关的因素包括繁殖压力，定植压力，和停留时间对于介导入侵过程的结果很重要。但是，由于上下文相关性，它们可能会使分析产生偏差，例如那些试图阐明外来物种性状作用的分析。同样，未能认识到并明确纳入主要因素之间的相互作用也阻碍了我们对环境所影响的宏观生态入侵模式以及物种与环境之间相互作用的重要性的理解。MAFIA主要基于对植物和鸟类研究的见解，但我们相信它可以应用于所有分类单元，并希望它将激发其他群体和环境的比较研究。通过明确指出生物入侵的宏观生态学分析中的偏见，