Recent progress in genomic sequencing from patient samples has allowed for the first detailed insight into the within-host genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.TB) , revealing remarkably low levels of variation. While this has often been attributed to low mutation rates, other factors have been described, including resistance evolution (i.e., selective sweeps), widespread purifying and background selection, and, more recently, progeny skew. Here we review recent findings pertaining to the processes governing the evolutionary dynamics of M.TB , discuss their implications for improving our understanding of this important human pathogen, and make recommendations for future work. Significantly, this emerging evolutionary framework involving the joint estimation of demographic, selective, and reproductive processes is forming a new paradigm for the study of within-host pathogen evolution that will be widely applicable across organisms.

中文翻译：

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宿主内结核分枝杆菌的群体基因组学

来自患者样本的基因组测序的最新进展首次详细了解了结核分枝杆菌 (M.TB) 的宿主内遗传多样性，揭示了非常低的变异水平。虽然这通常归因于低突变率，但已经描述了其他因素，包括抗性进化（即选择性扫描）、广泛的纯化和背景选择，以及最近的后代偏斜。在这里，我们回顾了有关 M.TB 进化动力学过程的最新发现，讨论了它们对提高我们对这种重要人类病原体的理解的意义，并为未来的工作提出了建议。值得注意的是，这个新兴的进化框架涉及人口、选择性、