This study applied trait-state-occasion (TSO) modelling to investigate the extent to which inter-individual differences in personality were accounted for by time-invariant and time-varying factors during adolescence. The participants were 753 high school students, and only 661 students were followed for 4 years. The mean age in the first year was 15.23 years and 52.8% were females. The results showed that the full TSO model had the best representation of adolescent personality, and the means of the proportions of variance explained by trait factors for the Big Five ranged between 56% and 83%, suggesting that inter-individual differences in personality are mainly accounted for by stable trait variance over the course of adolescence. Furthermore, the five dimensions of personality differed not only in the amounts of trait variance but also in the stability of time-varying factors. These findings have significant implications for personality research.

中文翻译：

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青春期性格稳定吗？在特质-状态-场合模型中解开人格的时不变和时变因素

本研究应用特质-状态-场合 (TSO) 模型来研究青春期时不变和时变因素在多大程度上解释了个体间的人格差异。参与者是 753 名高中生，只有 661 名学生被跟踪了 4 年。第一年的平均年龄为 15.23 岁，52.8% 为女性。结果表明，完整的TSO模型对青春期人格的表征最好，大五人格特质因素解释的方差比例均值在56%~83%之间，表明个体间的人格差异主要是由在青春期过程中稳定的性状变异来解释。此外，人格的五个维度不仅在特质变异的数量上不同，而且在时变因素的稳定性上也不同。这些发现对人格研究具有重要意义。