Parasitic infection is a major problem of intensive fish farming in present‐days. Hole in the head is a very common disease occurred in both freshwater and ornamental fish families, which is mainly caused by the infection of a flagellated protozoan of Hexamitadae family. The use of biologically active pharmaceuticals for the treatment of this disease is gradually decreased due to the major issue of bioaccumulation of these chemical compounds in the environment. Our current study shows an effective way to treat the disease by using leaf powder of medicinal plant neem (Azadirachta indica). To assess the therapeutic dose, 96 hr LC₅₀ value of neem leaf powder on Anabas testudineus was found 6.2 g/L. The treatment with neem leaf powder healed the wound region of infected fish and improved fish health efficiently. After treatment, the blood cell counts were significantly increased. Improvement in the liver histopathology was observed in the treated groups. We also found the reduced level of MDA, which is an oxidative stress biomarker after treatment. The hepatic activity of CAT, SOD and GPx was also increased in treated groups. Therefore, our study introduces a very effective way to treat hole‐in‐the‐head disease in Anabas testudineus by nonhazardous neem leaf powder in fish culture.

中文翻译：

---

印度em（Azadirachta indica）叶粉在鱼类Anaabas testudineus头孔（HITH）病中的毒理学和治疗作用

寄生虫感染是当今集约化养殖的一个主要问题。头孔是在淡水和观赏鱼科中都非常常见的疾病，主要是由六足科的鞭毛原生动物感染引起的。由于这些化合物在环境中生物蓄积的主要问题，逐渐减少了使用生物活性药物治疗这种疾病的机会。我们当前的研究显示了通过使用药用植物印em（印度印za）叶粉治疗该病的有效方法。为了评估治疗剂量，印em叶粉在Anabas testudineus上的96小时LC ₅₀值被发现为6.2克/升。用印em叶粉处理可以治愈受感染鱼的伤口，并有效改善鱼的健康。治疗后，血细胞计数显着增加。在治疗组中观察到肝脏组织病理学的改善。我们还发现降低的MDA水平是治疗后的氧化应激生物标志物。在治疗组中，CAT，SOD和GPx的肝活性也增加了。因此，我们的研究提出了一种非常有效的方法，即通过无害印ne叶粉在鱼类养殖中治疗Anabars testudineus的头孔病。