Human activities are primarily responsible for habitat loss and changes in natural environments around the world. It has been suggested that populations inhabiting human‐modified landscapes experience reduced gene flow, inbreeding depression, and loss of alleles due to genetic drift. However, empirical evidence shows the contrasting effects of anthropogenic disturbances on the genetic diversity of species. We performed a meta‐analysis of 61 studies that compared the genetic diversity of plant and/or animal populations in disturbed and more preserved areas (316 paired comparisons) to investigate the genetic responses to different disturbance types. There is a negative effect (effect size: −0.45; 95% confidence interval: −0.61, −0.29) of disturbances on genetic diversity, in which the most detrimental effects are caused by the loss of connectivity and forest cover. The methodological approach can explain part of the heterogeneity among the genetic responses detected by primary studies: (a) studies using the number of effective alleles did not detect genetic erosion, while all other indices revealed negative responses to disturbances; and (b) only studies performed with transferred or a combination of transferred and specific microsatellites detected negative responses. The effects on animal populations are more detrimental than in plant populations. Only plant species with a shrub life form, self‐incompatible reproductive systems, and biotic pollination and seed dispersal showed negative responses to disturbances. Despite heterogeneity among studies, there is an overall negative effect of disturbances on genetic diversity, which indicates that remaining populations inhabiting human‐modified landscapes have reduced evolutionary potential and are prone to local extinction.

中文翻译：

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人为干扰对陆生物种遗传多样性的影响：全球荟萃分析

人类活动是造成栖息地丧失和全球自然环境变化的主要原因。有研究表明，居住在人工改造景观中的种群由于基因漂移而导致的基因流量减少，近亲衰退和等位基因的丢失。然而，经验证据表明，人为干扰对物种遗传多样性的反作用。我们对61项研究进行了荟萃分析，比较了受干扰和保护区更广的植物和/或动物种群的遗传多样性（316对比较），以调查对不同干扰类型的遗传反应。干扰对遗传多样性有负面影响（影响大小：-0.45； 95％置信区间：-0.61，-0.29），其中最不利的影响是由于失去连通性和森林覆盖率造成的。该方法学方法可以解释由基础研究检测到的遗传反应中的部分异质性：（a）使用有效等位基因数量的研究未检测到遗传侵蚀，而所有其他指标均显示出对干扰的负面反应；（b）仅对转移的或转移的和特定的微卫星结合进行的研究检测到阴性反应。对动物种群的影响比对植物种群的危害更大。只有具有灌木生活形式，自我不相容的生殖系统以及生物授粉和种子传播的植物物种才会对干扰产生负面反应。尽管研究之间存在异质性，