This literature review identified the main factors for the success of different silvicultural approaches to regenerate sessile oak naturally and unveiled at the same time important knowledge gaps. Most previous studies were only short-term and restricted to a few factors and single locations. Hence, the findings of these studies are of limited explanatory power and do not allow to develop general, widely applicable management recommendations. Successful natural regeneration of sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.) through silvicultural actions depends on a number of biotic, abiotic and management factors and their interactions. However, owing to a limited understanding about the influence of these critical factors, there is great uncertainty about suitable silvicultural approaches for natural oak regeneration, in particular regarding the size of canopy openings and speed of canopy removal. This study aimed at critically evaluating documented information on natural regeneration of sessile oak. Specifically, we identified (i) the factors that determine the success of approaches for natural regeneration and (ii) evaluated the evidence base associated with different silvicultural approaches. A comprehensive literature search was done considering relevant peer-reviewed publications of ISI-listed journals as well as non-ISI listed published papers and reports by practitioners. Out of more than 260 collected references, a set of 53 silvicultural ‘core publications’ was identified and analyzed using a catalogue of numeric and categorical evaluation criteria. The most important factors determining regeneration success extracted from the literature were light availability, presence of competing vegetation, initial oak seedling density, browsing of seedlings and intensity of stand tending measures. However, the review revealed also great uncertainty regarding the interactions between these factors and the magnitude of their influence. Most studies were of short duration and restricted to single locations. In only 20% of the experimental studies, the observation period exceeded five years. Total costs of regeneration efforts were quantified and reported in only two studies. This lack of data on the expenses of different approaches to natural oak regeneration appears to be one of the most crucial knowledge deficits revealed in this literature review. Natural regeneration of sessile oak may be achieved under a wide range of canopy openings, if competing vegetation and browsing is negligible, seedling density is high and tending to remove competing vegetation is carried out consistently. However, since the silvicultural regeneration success depends on the interactions among these factors, which have often not been adequately considered, we caution against general recommendations for silvicultural systems developed from case studies and call for new long-term studies with comprehensive experimental designs.

中文翻译：

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关于造林管理的无柄橡树（Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.）森林自然更新的已知和未知——文献综述

这篇文献综述确定了自然再生无柄橡树的不同造林方法成功的主要因素，同时揭示了重要的知识差距。大多数以前的研究只是短期的，仅限于少数因素和单一地点。因此，这些研究的结果具有有限的解释力，并且不允许制定普遍的、广泛适用的管理建议。通过造林活动成功地自然再生无柄橡树（Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl.）取决于许多生物、非生物和管理因素及其相互作用。然而，由于对这些关键因素的影响了解有限，天然橡木再生的合适造林方法存在很大的不确定性，特别是关于顶篷开口的大小和顶篷移除速度。本研究旨在批判性地评估关于无柄橡木自然再生的记录信息。具体而言，我们确定了 (i) 决定自然再生方法成功的因素，以及 (ii) 评估了与不同造林方法相关的证据基础。考虑到 ISI 列出的期刊的相关同行评审出版物以及非 ISI 列出的已发表论文和从业者的报告，进行了全面的文献检索。在收集到的 260 多篇参考文献中，使用数字和分类评估标准目录确定并分析了 53 份林业“核心出版物”。从文献中提取的决定更新成功的最重要因素是光照可用性、竞争植被的存在、初始橡树幼苗密度、幼苗浏览和林分抚育措施的强度。然而，审查也揭示了这些因素之间的相互作用及其影响程度的巨大不确定性。大多数研究持续时间很短，仅限于单一地点。只有 20% 的实验研究的观察期超过了五年。仅在两项研究中对再生工作的总成本进行了量化和报告。缺乏有关天然橡木再生不同方法费用的数据似乎是本文献综述中揭示的最重要的知识缺陷之一。无柄橡树的自然更新可以在大范围的树冠开口下实现，如果竞争植被和浏览可以忽略不计，苗木密度高，并且倾向于一致地去除竞争植被。然而，由于造林再生的成功取决于这些因素之间的相互作用，而这些因素通常没有得到充分考虑，我们警告不要根据案例研究对造林系统提出一般性建议，并呼吁进行新的具有综合实验设计的长期研究。