Spark gaps are likely the source of plasma in active black hole (BH) magnetospheres. In this paper, we present results of 1D general-relativistic particle-in-cell simulations of a starved BH magnetosphere with a realistic treatment of inverse Compton scattering and pair production, for a broad range of conditions, run times longer than in previous studies, and different setups. We find that following the initial discharge, the system undergoes gradual evolution over prolonged time until either, restoring the vacuum state or reaching a state of quasi-periodic oscillations, depending on the spectral shape and luminosity of the ambient radiation field. The oscillations occur near the null charge surface in cases where the global magnetospheric current is in the direction defined by the product of the asymptotic Goldreich-Julian charge density and the radial velocity, while they occur near the boundary of the simulation box when it is the opposite direction (return current). Their amplitude and the resultant luminosity of TeV photons emitted from the gap depend sensitively on the conditions; for the cases studied here the ratio of TeV luminosity to the Blandford-Znajek power ranges from $10^{-5}$ to $10^{-2}$, suggesting that strong flares may be generated by moderate changes in disk emission. We also examined the dependence of the solution on the initial number of particles per cell (PPC) and found convergence for PPC of about 50 for the cases examined. At lower PPC values the pair multiplicity is found to be artificially high, affecting the solution considerably.

中文翻译：

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使用一维 GRPIC 模拟综合分析克尔黑洞周围的磁层间隙

火花隙可能是活动黑洞 (BH) 磁层中等离子体的来源。在本文中，我们展示了饥饿 BH 磁层的 1D 广义相对论粒子胞内模拟结果，并对逆康普顿散射和对产生进行了实际处理，在广泛的条件下，运行时间比以前的研究更长，和不同的设置。我们发现，在初始放电之后，系统会在很长一段时间内经历逐渐演变，直到恢复真空状态或达到准周期性振荡状态，这取决于环境辐射场的光谱形状和光度。在全局磁层电流的方向由渐近 Goldreich-Julian 电荷密度和径向速度的乘积定义的方向的情况下，振荡发生在零电荷表面附近，而它们发生在模拟框的边界附近，当它是反方向（返回电流）。它们的振幅和从间隙发射的 TeV 光子的合成光度敏感地取决于条件；对于这里研究的案例，TeV 光度与 Blandford-Znajek 功率的比率范围从 $10^{-5}$ 到 $10^{-2}$，这表明强烈的耀斑可能是由圆盘发射的适度变化产生的。我们还检查了解决方案对每个细胞的初始粒子数 (PPC) 的依赖性，并发现对于所检查的案例，PPC 的收敛性约为 50。