The extent of ongoing exposure to the general public from per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in drinking water in the United States and worldwide remains uncertain. Here, we analyze publicly accessible data sets of PFAS occurrence in drinking water in the United States. Testing with detection limits below 1 ng/L revealed that mixtures of PFAS are nearly ubiquitous in surface water, the predominate source of drinking water for the U.S. population. We estimate that 18–80 million people in the U.S. receive tap water with 10 ng/L or greater concentration of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) combined, and over 200 million people likely receive water with a PFOA and PFOS concentration at or above 1 ng/L. Multiple U.S. states including California, Massachusetts, Michigan, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, and Vermont have either set or proposed limits for PFOA and PFOS that are significantly lower than the nonregulatory U.S. Environmental Protection Agency established lifetime drinking water health advisory level of 70 ng/L for the combined concentration of PFOA and PFOS. There is significant variation in PFAS occurrence within and between different U.S. states, highlighting the need for systematic monitoring of PFAS in both source and finished drinking water.

中文翻译：

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美国饮用水中全氟和多氟烷基物质的全民暴露

在美国和世界范围内，饮用水中全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）对公众的持续暴露程度仍不确定。在这里，我们分析了美国饮用水中PFAS发生的公开数据集。在低于1 ng / L的检测限下进行的测试表明，PFAS的混合物在地表水中几乎无处不在，地表水中是美国人口的主要饮用水来源。我们估计，美国有1亿8千8百万人的自来水中全氟辛酸（PFOA）和全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS）的浓度合计为10 ng / L或更高，并且超过2亿人的自来水可能以PFOA和PFOS的浓度达到或高于1 ng / L。美国多个州，包括加利福尼亚州，马萨诸塞州，密歇根州，新罕布什尔州，新泽西州，纽约州，佛蒙特州和佛蒙特州已设定或提议了PFOA和PFOS的限值，该限值大大低于美国环保署规定的PFOA和PFOS的总浓度为70 ng / L的终生饮用水健康建议水平。在美国不同州内和州之间，PFAS的发生存在显着差异，这凸显了对源水和成品饮用水中PFAS进行系统监测的必要性。