As sessile organisms, flooding/submergence is one of the major abiotic stresses for higher plants, with deleterious effects on their growth and survival. Therefore, flooding/submergence is a large challenge for agriculture in lowland areas worldwide. Long-term flooding/submergence can cause severe hypoxia stress to crop plants and can result in substantial yield loss. Rice has evolved distinct adaptive strategies in response to low oxygen (O₂) stress caused by flooding/submergence circumstances. Recently, direct seeding practice has been increasing in popularity due to its advantages of reducing cultivation cost and labor. However, establishment and growth of the seedlings from seed germination under the submergence condition are large obstacles for rice in direct seeding practice. The physiological and molecular regulatory mechanisms underlying tolerant and sensitive phenotypes in rice have been extensively investigated. Here, this review focuses on the progress of recent advances in the studies of the molecular mechanisms and metabolic adaptions underlying anaerobic germination (AG) and coleoptile elongation. Further, we highlight the prospect of introducing quantitative trait loci (QTL) for AG into rice mega varieties to ensure the compatibility of flooding/submergence tolerance traits and yield stability, thereby advancing the direct seeding practice and facilitating future breeding improvement.

中文翻译：

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低氧胁迫下水稻种子萌发和早期幼苗生长的分子调控途径和代谢适应

作为固着生物，淹没/淹没是高等植物的主要非生物胁迫之一，对其生长和存活具有有害影响。因此，洪水/淹没是世界范围内低地地区农业的一大挑战。长期淹没/淹没可能会对农作物造成严重的缺氧胁迫，并可能导致大量的产量损失。水稻已经针对低氧（O ₂）由洪水/淹没环境造成的压力。近来，直接播种实践由于其减少栽培成本和劳力的优点而日益流行。然而，浸水条件下种子发芽建立和生长的幼苗是直接播种水稻的一大障碍。水稻耐受和敏感表型的生理和分子调控机制已得到广泛研究。在这里，这篇综述着重于厌氧萌发（AG）和胚芽鞘延伸的分子机制和代谢适应性研究的最新进展。进一步，