Noroviruses are the leading cause of acute gastroenteritis and food poisoning worldwide. In this study, we investigated the anti-noroviral activity of Lindera obtusiloba leaf extract (LOLE) using murine norovirus (MNV-1), a surrogate of human norovirus. Preincubation of MNV-1 with LOLE at 4, 8, or 12 mg/mL for 1 h at 25 °C significantly reduced viral infectivity, by 51.8%, 64.1%, and 71.2%, respectively. Among LOLE single compounds, β-pinene (49.7%), α-phellandrene (26.2%), and (+)-limonene (17.0%) demonstrated significant inhibitory effects on viral infectivity after pretreatment with MNV-1, suggesting that the anti-noroviral effects of LOLE may be due to the synergetic activity of several compounds, with β-pinene as a key molecule. The inhibitory effect of LOLE was tested on the edible surfaces of lettuce, cabbage, and oysters, as well as on stainless steel. After one hour of incubation at 25°C, LOLE (12 mg/mL) pretreatment significantly reduced MNV-1 plaque formation on lettuce (76.4%), cabbage (60.0%), oyster (38.2%), and stainless-steel (62.8%). These results suggest that LOLE effectively inhibits norovirus on food and metal surfaces. In summary, LOLE, including β-pinene, may inactivate norovirus and could be used as a natural agent promoting food safety and hygiene.

中文翻译：

---

ob草叶提取物对鼠诺如病毒-1（MNV-1），人诺如病毒替代品的抗病毒作用及其在模型食品中的潜在应用

诺如病毒是全球急性肠胃炎和食物中毒的主要原因。在这项研究中，我们调查了Lindera obtusiloba的抗诺如病毒活性使用鼠诺如病毒（MNV-1）（人类诺如病毒的替代品）提取叶提取物（LOLE）。在25°C下将MNV-1与LOLE在4、8，或12 mg / mL的条件下预孵育1 h，分别将病毒感染性分别降低了51.8％，64.1％和71.2％。在LOLE单一化合物中，用MNV-1预处理后，β-pine烯（49.7％），α-芹烯（26.2％）和（+）-柠檬烯（17.0％）对病毒感染性具有明显的抑制作用，这表明抗LOLE的诺如病毒效果可能是由于几种化合物的协同活性，其中以β-pine烯为关键分子。测试了LOLE对莴苣，卷心菜和牡蛎的可食用表面以及不锈钢的抑制作用。在25°C下孵育一小时后，LOLE（12 mg / mL）预处理可显着降低莴苣（76.4％），白菜（60.0％），牡蛎（38.2％）和不锈钢（62.8％）。这些结果表明，LOLE有效抑制食物和金属表面上的诺如病毒。总之，包括β-pine烯在内的LOLE可能使诺如病毒失活，可以用作促进食品安全和卫生的天然药物。