Abstract

Parabens are widely used in personal care products (PCPs) as antimicrobial factors due to their biocide property. These compounds have estrogenic activities and act as endocrine disruptors against biological systems. This study aimed to measure the urinary concentration of methylparaben (MP), ethylparaben (EP), propylparaben (PP), and butylparaben (BP), and to evaluate their association with the application of 19 PCPs among Iranian women. Parabens' detection frequency was 86–100%, and their median concentration was 8.53–93.4 μg/L, representing wide exposure of participants to parabens. The highest daily intake (DI) was related to MP (median = 13.4 μg/kg-BW/day); however, it was lower than the acceptable daily intake (ADI). The difference in the level of parabens between three groups of PCPs users (low, moderate, and high) was significant (P < 0.05). So, the parabens' level of exposure in Iranian women has been associated with their PCPs using habits, and the levels of urinary parabens were different based on the type of used products. For instance, the concentration was higher among the users of lotion (13–78%), makeup base (41–74%), sunscreen (34–71%), body wash (57–87%), and deodorants (58–61%). These findings can be used in future risk assessment studies and in the strategic planning for elimination of exposure in the Iranian population.

摘要

对羟基苯甲酸酯由于具有杀菌作用，因此被广泛用作个人护理产品（PCP）中的抗菌因子。这些化合物具有雌激素活性，并充当针对生物系统的内分泌干扰物。这项研究旨在测量对羟基苯甲酸甲酯（MP），对羟基苯甲酸乙酯（EP），对羟基苯甲酸丙酯（PP）和对羟基苯甲酸丁酯（BP）的尿液浓度，并评估它们与19名PCP在伊朗妇女中的应用相关。对羟基苯甲酸酯的检测频率为86–100％，中位数浓度为8.53–93.4μg/ L，代表参与者广泛接触对羟基苯甲酸酯。每日最高摄入量（DI）与MP有关（中位数= 13.4μg/ kg-BW /天）；但是，它低于可接受的每日摄入量（ADI）。三组五氯苯酚使用者（低，中和高）之间的对羟基苯甲酸酯含量差异显着（P  <0.05）。因此，伊朗妇女中对羟基苯甲酸酯的暴露水平与使用习惯的五氯苯酚有关联，并且尿中对羟基苯甲酸酯的水平因所用产品的类型而异。例如，洗剂使用者（13–78％），化妆底料（41–74％），防晒霜（34–71％），沐浴露（57–87％）和除臭剂（58–85％）的使用者中的浓度更高。 61％）。这些发现可用于将来的风险评估研究和消除伊朗人口中暴露的战略计划中。