Due to the extensive use of chemical insecticides, the field populations of Rhopalosiphum padi, a serious wheat pest worldwide, have developed resistance to insecticides. Therefore, deep understanding of the mechanisms of the aphid's physiological response to insecticides would be of importance for the management of insecticide resistance in pests. Takeout belongs to a protein superfamily found exclusively in insects. Previous research showed that the takeout gene had various functions in insect physiology and behavior. However, few studies have explored the functions of takeout in insect insecticide susceptibility. The susceptibility of R. padi to imidacloprid and beta-cypermethrin was tested. Thirteen takeout-like genes were identified based on the genome database of R. padi. The number of exons was variable in these takeout-like genes, and nine highly conserved amino acids (two Cysteine, two Proline, four Glycine and one Aspartic acid) were identified. Expression levels of takeout-like-2, takeout-like-3, takeout-like-5, takeout-like-8, takeout-like-10 and takeout-like-11 were significantly increased after imidacloprid treatment; seven genes (takeout-like-1, takeout-like-2, takeout-like-5, takeout-like-6, takeout-like-7, takeout-like-8 and takeout-like-11) tended to be upregulated after beta-cypermethrin treatment. RNA interference results showed that the mortalities of R. padi injected with dsTOL-2, dsTOL-5, dsTOL-8, dsTOL-10 and dsTOL-11 were significantly increased after exposure to imidacloprid in comparison with control (injection of dsGFP). Under two sublethal concentrations of beta-cypermethrin, the silencing of takeout-like-2, takeout-like-5 and takeout-like-11 significantly increased the mortalities of R. padi. These results provide evidence for the involvement of takeout-like genes in insecticide susceptibility of R. padi, which improves our understanding the determinant of insecticide susceptibility.

中文翻译：

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Rhopalosiphum padi 外卖样基因的表征及其在杀虫剂敏感性中的作用

由于化学杀虫剂的广泛使用，世界范围内严重的小麦害虫 Rhopalosiphum padi 的田间种群对杀虫剂产生了抗药性。因此，深入了解蚜虫对杀虫剂的生理反应机制对于防治害虫的杀虫剂抗性具有重要意义。外卖属于仅在昆虫中发现的蛋白质超家族。先前的研究表明，外卖基因在昆虫生理和行为中具有多种功能。然而，很少有研究探讨外卖在杀虫剂敏感性中的作用。测试了 R. padi 对吡虫啉和 β-氯氰菊酯的敏感性。基于R. padi的基因组数据库鉴定了13个外卖样基因。在这些类似外卖的基因中，外显子的数量是可变的，并鉴定出九个高度保守的氨基酸（两个半胱氨酸、两个脯氨酸、四个甘氨酸和一个天冬氨酸）。吡虫啉处理后外卖2、外卖3、外卖5、外卖8、外卖10和外卖11的表达水平显着升高；7个基因（外卖1、外卖2、外卖5、外卖6、外卖7、外卖8和外卖11）在β-氯氰菊酯处理。RNA干扰结果表明，与对照（注射dsGFP）相比，接触吡虫啉后，注射dsTOL-2、dsTOL-5、dsTOL-8、dsTOL-10和dsTOL-11的R. padi死亡率显着增加。在两种亚致死浓度的 β-氯氰菊酯下，外卖样 2 的沉默，takeout-like-5 和 takeout-like-11 显着增加了 R. padi 的死亡率。这些结果为外卖样基因参与 R. padi 的杀虫剂敏感性提供了证据，这提高了我们对杀虫剂敏感性的决定因素的理解。