Abstract Tunnel excavation in karst areas could affect natural karst hydrological processes and runoff, resulting in groundwater drainage and even underground river cut-off. The hydrological model is a good tool with which to study the hydrological effect of tunnels. The application of current hydrological models in karst areas usually requires a large amount of modelling data, especially hydrogeological data that are much more difficult to obtain than those in non-karst areas. To overcome the difficulty of modelling in karst areas, this study presents a new fully physically based distributed karst tunnel hydrological model (KTHM) with a simple structure and simple parameters. The underground confluence module is divided into only two layers: confluence in the epikarst zone and the underground river. Such a simple structure makes it possible to build a model in karst basins with only a small amount of hydrogeological data. In the structure of this KTHM, the tunnel is incorporated in a specially designed submodule to quantify the influence of the tunnel hydrological effect on the water volume. If the tunnel submodule is turned off, then this model becomes a karst hydrological model (KHM) and can be used in other karst basins without tunnels. The simulation results of 20 flow processes and 2 annual runoffs modelled by the KHM and KTHM are compared; the KTHM is more accurate in the study area, which indicates that the tunnel submodule in the model is necessary and that the KTHM is feasible for performing runoff simulations in the study area. The sensitivity sequence of hydrological effects of tunnels on runoff in karst areas is as follows: dry season runoff volume > normal runoff volume > interannual runoff volume > flood peak flow > flood volume.

中文翻译：

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一种新的分布式岩溶隧道水文模型和隧道水文效应模拟

摘要 岩溶地区隧道开挖会影响天然岩溶水文过程和径流，导致地下水流失，甚至截断地下河。水文模型是研究隧道水文效应的好工具。现有水文模型在岩溶地区的应用，通常需要大量的建模数据，尤其是水文地质数据的获取难度比非岩溶地区要困难得多。为了克服岩溶地区建模的困难，本研究提出了一种新的完全基于物理的分布式岩溶隧道水文模型（KTHM），其结构简单，参数简单。地下合流模块仅分为两层：表层岩溶带合流和地下河。这种简单的结构使得在岩溶盆地中建立模型成为可能，只需少量的水文地质数据。在这个 KTHM 的结构中，隧道被包含在一个专门设计的子模块中，以量化隧道水文效应对水量的影响。如果关闭隧道子模块，则该模型成为岩溶水文模型 (KHM)，可用于其他没有隧道的岩溶盆地。比较了 KHM 和 KTHM 模拟的 20 个流动过程和 2 个年径流的模拟结果；KTHM在研究区更准确，说明模型中的隧道子模块是必要的，KTHM在研究区进行径流模拟是可行的。岩溶地区隧道水文效应对径流的敏感性序列如下：