Cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) has tremendous potential in chemical, material, and food fields as an attractive green bioresource. We formulated viscoelastic hydrogels composed of anisotropic CNC using an extrusion-based 3D printing technology. We explored the rheological properties and printability of CNC hydrogels with different concentrations (0.5–25 wt%), and quantified the shear-induced self-assembly behavior of CNC during printing. The results showed that 20 wt% CNC hydrogels exhibited optimal print resolution and fidelity, with a high degree of orientation (72 %–73 %) of CNC alignment along the printing direction. It provides quantitative guidelines for the development of 3D printable materials with particle orientation. Furthermore, we prepared two composite hydrogels for 3D printing by blending CNC with high/low methoxy pectin (HMP/LMP). The results revealed that two hydrogels had favorable print fidelity at suitable ratios (CNC: HMP = 2:8, CNC: LMP = 10:5). This provided flexible and sustainable choices for the development of medical tissue engineering.

纤维素纳米晶体（CNC）作为有吸引力的绿色生物资源在化学，材料和食品领域具有巨大潜力。我们使用基于挤压的3D打印技术配制了由各向异性CNC组成的粘弹性水凝胶。我们探索了不同浓度（0.5–25 wt％）的CNC水凝胶的流变性质和可印刷性，并量化了在印刷过程中剪切诱导的CNC自组装行为。结果表明，20 wt％的CNC水凝胶表现出最佳的打印分辨率和保真度，并且沿打印方向具有较高的取向度（72％–73％）。它为具有粒子方向的3D可打印材料的开发提供了定量指导。此外，我们通过将CNC与高/低甲氧基果胶（HMP / LMP）混合，制备了两种用于3D打印的复合水凝胶。结果表明，两种水凝胶在合适的比例（CNC：HMP = 2：8，CNC：LMP = 10：5）下具有良好的印刷保真度。这为医疗组织工程的发展提供了灵活而可持续的选择。