Energetic materials (EMs) are a group of distinctive materials that release an enormous amount of amassed chemical energy in a short time when incited by external mechanical or thermal factors. They comprise of propellants, explosives, and pyrotechnics. Unlike conventional micro-energetic materials, nano energetic materials (nEMs), due to their smaller particle size ranging from 1–100 nm, exhibit higher specific surface area (~10–50 m 2 g −1 ), reduced ignition temperatures from 2350 K to approx.1000 K for particle size from 100 μ m to 100 nm respectively, higher energy densities (up to 50 MJ kg −1 ), burning rates ~30.48 mm s −1 at 6.894 kPa with specific impulses up to 542 s (5320 m s −1 ), low impact sensitivity (<4–35 J). Such exceptional properties of nano energetic composites, i.e., thermites (a combination of metal-fuel/metal oxide particles), find applications, namely in, munitions, pyrotechnics, energetic micro-ele...

中文翻译：

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纳米温度计的最新趋势：制备，特征和应用

高能材料（EMs）是一组独特的材料，当受到外部机械或热因素的激励时，它们会在短时间内释放出大量积聚的化学能。它们包括推进剂，炸药和烟火。与传统的微能材料不同，纳米能材料（nEMs）由于其较小的粒径范围为1–100 nm，因此具有较高的比表面积（〜10–50 m 2 g -1），着火温度从2350 K降低分别从100μm到100 nm的粒径达到约1000 K，更高的能量密度（高达50 MJ kg -1），在6.894 kPa处的燃烧速率〜30.48 mm s -1和特定脉冲高达542 s（5320） ms -1），低冲击灵敏度（<4–35 J）。纳米高能复合材料的卓越性能，即