Antibiotics have been used as essential therapeutics for nearly 100 years and, increasingly, as a preventive agent in the agricultural and animal industry. Continuous use and misuse of antibiotics have provoked the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria that progressively increased mortality from multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, thereby posing a tremendous threat to public health. The goal of our review is to advance the understanding of mechanisms of dissemination and the development of antibiotic resistance genes in the context of nutrition and related clinical, agricultural, veterinary, and environmental settings. We conclude with an overview of alternative strategies, including probiotics, essential oils, vaccines, and antibodies, as primary or adjunct preventive antimicrobial measures or therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. The solution for antibiotic resistance will require comprehensive and incessant efforts of policymakers in agriculture along with the development of alternative therapeutics by experts in diverse fields of microbiology, biochemistry, clinical research, genetic, and computational engineering.

中文翻译：

---

食物链中的抗生素：抗生素耐药性的后果

抗生素已被用作基本疗法近100年，并且越来越多地用作农业和畜牧业的预防剂。抗生素的连续使用和滥用已经引起了抗生素抗性细菌的发展，该抗生素抗性细菌逐渐增加了多药抗性细菌感染的死亡率，从而对公共健康构成了巨大威胁。我们综述的目的是在营养以及相关的临床，农业，兽医和环境环境下，增进对传播机制和抗生素抗性基因发展的理解。最后，我们概述了替代策略，包括益生菌，精油，疫苗和抗体，作为针对多药耐药细菌感染的主要或辅助的预防性抗菌措施或疗法。抗生素抗性的解决方案将需要农业政策制定者全面而持续的努力，同时微生物，生物化学，临床研究，基因和计算工程等各个领域的专家也将开发替代疗法。