The European dark honey bee (Apis mellifera mellifera) is today a rare subspecies across the former range of northern Europe where it has largely been replaced by hybrid bees such as the popular “Buckfast,” involving, but not limited to, the Italian subspecies (Apis mellifera ligustica). Here, we report the presence of native dark bees in advertisements since the later half of the 19th century and document that the replacement was efficient and fast, but also that the native A. m. mellifera was not completely abandoned in apiculture. There was consistent commercialization across years among beekeepers interested in conserving the native subspecies.

中文翻译：

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欧洲黑蜂（Apis mellifera mellifera）在丹麦的迁移史

欧洲黑蜂 (Apis mellifera mellifera) 今天是北欧原地区的一种罕见亚种，在那里它已在很大程度上被杂交蜜蜂所取代，例如流行的“巴克法斯特”，包括但不限于意大利亚种（意大利蜜蜂）。在这里，我们报告了自 19 世纪下半叶以来在广告中出现的本地黑蜂，并记录了这种替换是高效和快速的，而且本地 A. m. 蜜蜂养殖并没有完全被放弃。多年来，有兴趣保护本地亚种的养蜂人一直在进行商业化。