Alterations in the gut microbiome are associated with neurocognition and related disorders, including in the context of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. However, the connection between the gut microbiome and cognitive decline, gauged by increased dependence in instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), remains largely unexplored in the context of these diseases. Here we characterized the gut microbiome using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and untargeted metabolomics with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry from 347 people with HIV, HIV and HCV, or neither, all of whom underwent a comprehensive neuropsychiatric assessment. We observed that IADL-dependent and -independent HIV-monoinfected (HIV-positive [HIV+]/HCV-negative [HCV−]) and coinfected (HIV+/HCV+) individuals have distinct gut microbiomes. Moreover, we found that dependent individuals with HIV or HIV and HCV were enriched in Bacteroides. These results may have implications for the characterization of cognitive decline, as well as the development of potential prevention and treatment strategies for individuals infected with HIV and/or HCV. Of particular interest is the possibility that dietary interventions that are known to modify the microbiome could be used to shift the microbiome toward more favorable states for preserving independence.

中文翻译：

---

HIV 和 HCV 感染者日常生活独立性降低与肠道微生物组有关


肠道微生物组的改变与神经认知和相关疾病有关，包括在人类免疫缺陷病毒（HIV）和丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）感染的情况下。然而，在这些疾病的背景下，肠道微生物组与认知能力下降之间的联系（通过日常生活工具性活动（IADL）依赖性的增加来衡量）在很大程度上仍未得到探索。在这里，我们使用 16S rRNA 扩增子测序和液相色谱-质谱非靶向代谢组学对 347 名 HIV 感染者、HIV 感染者和 HCV 感染者或两者均未感染的人进行了肠道微生物组特征分析，所有这些人都接受了全面的神经精神评估。我们观察到，依赖 IADL 和不依赖 IADL 的 HIV 单感染（HIV 阳性 [HIV+]/HCV 阴性 [HCV−]）和混合感染（HIV+/HCV+）个体具有不同的肠道微生物群。此外，我们发现感染艾滋病毒或艾滋病毒和丙型肝炎病毒的受抚养人体内拟杆菌含量丰富。这些结果可能对认知能力下降的表征以及针对 HIV 和/或 HCV 感染者制定潜在的预防和治疗策略产生影响。特别令人感兴趣的是，已知可以改变微生物组的饮食干预措施可用于将微生物组转向更有利的状态以保持独立性。