1. Leptocybe invasa is native to Australia and induces galls on various species of Eucalyptus. Two genetically distinct lineages of this wasp have been detected outside its native range, namely, Leptocybe Lineage A and Leptocybe Lineage B.
2. The parasitoid Selitrichodes neseri was released in South Africa as a biological control agent against L. invasa. Another parasitoid of L. invasa, Quadrastichus mendeli, as well as Megastigmus zebrinus (parasitoid) and Megastigmus pretorianensis (role unknown), have also been recorded emerging from L. invasa galls. The objective of this study was to investigate the interactions between the different hymenopterans associated with L. invasa galls in South Africa.
3. L. invasa galls were dissected and species‐specific primers and restriction enzymes were used to identify the larvae where interactions were noted.
4. S. neseri, Q. mendeli and M. zebrinus were confirmed to parasitize Leptocybe Lineage A, and S. neseri was confirmed to parasitize Leptocybe Lineage B. Furthermore, there were direct interactions between these parasitoids, where parasitoids were found parasitising each other. The gall forming experiment confirmed that M. pretorianensis is not a gall former, but other potential roles remain uncertain.

中文翻译：

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与形成胆汁的黄蜂相关的膜翅类物种之间的相互作用：以Leptocybe invasa群落为例

1. Leptocybe invasa（Leptocybe invasa）原产于澳大利亚，并在各种桉树上诱发gall虫。该黄蜂的两个遗传上不同的谱系已经在其天然范围之外被检测到，即Leptocybe谱系A和Leptocybe谱系B。
2. 寄生寄生线虫（Selitrichodes neseri）在南非发行，作为防治入侵乳杆菌的生物防治剂。另一种寄生L. invasa，Quadrastichus mendeli，以及大痣zebrinus（蜂）和大痣pretorianensis摆脱（角色未知），也被记录L. invasa虫瘿。这项研究的目的是调查与南非L. invasa galls相关的不同膜翅目动物之间的相互作用。
3. 解剖胆囊虫，并使用物种特异性引物和限制性内切酶鉴定有相互作用的幼虫。
4. neseri，Q。mendeli和zebrinus被证实寄生了Leptocybe谱系A，neseri被证实寄生了Leptocybe谱系B。此外，这些寄生虫之间存在直接的相互作用，其中寄生虫被发现彼此寄生。胆汁形成实验证实，M。pretorianensis不是胆汁形成者，但其他潜在作用仍然不确定。