This study explored the potential of In2O3/ZrO2 catalyst for direct CO2 hydrogenation to methanol. Despite the excellent properties proven by density functional theory (DFT) studies, the experimental works on this catalyst are still very limited. In this study, In2O3/ZrO2 catalysts were synthesized via wetness impregnation (In2O3/ZrO2(WI)), citric acid-based sol-gel method (In2O3/ZrO2(SG)) and deposition-precipitation assisted by urea hydrolysis (In2O3/ZrO2(UH)). Results indicated the impressive effect of preparation method on the catalytic activity where In2O3/ZrO2(SG) presented superior catalytic performance, followed by In2O3/ZrO2(UH) and In2O3/ZrO2(WI), with the CO2 conversion of 16.23%, methanol selectivity of 94.39% and STY of 0.95 gmethanol/gcat·h. To unravel the structure-function relationship, several characterization techniques including XRD, HR-TEM, SEM-EDX, H2-TPR, CO2-TPD, N2 adsorption-desorption isotherm and XPS were implemented to analyze the developed catalysts. The analyses indicated that the excellent performance of In2O3/ZrO2 (SG) was due to its smaller crystallite size, strong metal-support interaction, high reducibility and high concentration of basic sites and oxygen vacancies on the catalyst surface. Time-on-stream stability test showed that In2O3/ZrO2 (SG) catalyst could sustain its high activity and selectivity within 100 h, signifying the high potential of this catalyst for direct hydrogenation of CO2 to methanol with minimum side reactions and deactivation.

中文翻译：

---

用于将 CO2 加氢制甲醇的高选择性 In2O3/ZrO2 催化剂的开发：对催化剂制备方法的深入了解

本研究探讨了 In2O3/ZrO2 催化剂在 CO2 直接加氢制甲醇中的潜力。尽管密度泛函理论 (DFT) 研究证明了其优异的性能，但对该催化剂的实验工作仍然非常有限。在本研究中，In2O3/ZrO2 催化剂是通过湿浸渍法 (In2O3/ZrO2(WI))、柠檬酸基溶胶-凝胶法 (In2O3/ZrO2(SG)) 和尿素水解辅助沉积沉淀法 (In2O3/ZrO2) 合成的。 （呃））。结果表明制备方法对催化活性的影响令人印象深刻，其中 In2O3/ZrO2(SG) 表现出优异的催化性能，其次是 In2O3/ZrO2(UH) 和 In2O3/ZrO2(WI)，CO2 转化率为 16.23%，甲醇选择性94.39% 和 STY 为 0.95 gmethanol/gcat·h。为了解开结构-功能关系，实施了几种表征技术，包括 XRD、HR-TEM、SEM-EDX、H2-TPR、CO2-TPD、N2 吸附-解吸等温线和 XPS，以分析开发的催化剂。分析表明，In2O3/ZrO2(SG)的优异性能是由于其微晶尺寸较小、金属-载体相互作用强、还原性高、催化剂表面碱性位点和氧空位浓度高。运行时间稳定性测试表明，In2O3/ZrO2 (SG) 催化剂可以在 100 小时内保持其高活性和选择性，这表明该催化剂在将 CO2 直接加氢为甲醇、副反应和失活最少的情况下具有很高的潜力。分析表明，In2O3/ZrO2(SG)的优异性能是由于其微晶尺寸较小、金属-载体相互作用强、还原性高、催化剂表面碱性位点和氧空位浓度高。运行时间稳定性测试表明，In2O3/ZrO2 (SG) 催化剂可以在 100 小时内保持其高活性和选择性，这表明该催化剂在将 CO2 直接加氢为甲醇、副反应和失活最少的情况下具有很高的潜力。分析表明，In2O3/ZrO2(SG)的优异性能是由于其微晶尺寸较小、金属-载体相互作用强、还原性高、催化剂表面碱性位点和氧空位浓度高。运行时间稳定性测试表明，In2O3/ZrO2 (SG) 催化剂可以在 100 小时内保持其高活性和选择性，这表明该催化剂在将 CO2 直接加氢为甲醇、副反应和失活最少的情况下具有很高的潜力。