A comprehensive analysis on the energy-efficient strategy in static Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) that are not equipped with any energy harvesting modules is conducted in this article. First, a novel generic mathematical definition of Energy Efficiency (EE) is proposed, which takes the acquisition rate of valid data, the total energy consumption, and the network lifetime of WSNs into consideration simultaneously. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that the EE of WSNs is mathematically defined. The energy consumption characteristics of each individual sensor node and the whole network are expounded at length. Accordingly, the concepts concerning EE, namely the Energy-Efficient Means, the Energy-Efficient Tier, and the Energy-Efficient Perspective, are proposed. Subsequently, the relevant energy-efficient strategies proposed from 2002 to 2019 are tracked and reviewed. Specifically, they respectively are classified into five categories: the Energy-Efficient Media Access Control protocol, the Mobile Node Assistance Scheme, the Energy-Efficient Clustering Scheme, the Energy-Efficient Routing Scheme, and the Compressive Sensing--based Scheme. A detailed elaboration on both of the basic principle and the evolution of them is made. Finally, further analysis on the categories is made and the related conclusion is drawn. To be specific, the interdependence among them, the relationships between each of them, and the Energy-Efficient Means, the Energy-Efficient Tier, and the Energy-Efficient Perspective are analyzed in detail. In addition, the specific applicable scenarios for each of them and the relevant statistical analysis are detailed. The proportion and the number of citations for each category are illustrated by the statistical chart. In addition, the existing opportunities and challenges facing WSNs in the context of the new computing paradigm and the feasible direction concerning EE in the future are pointed out.

中文翻译：

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静态无线传感器网络中的节能策略调查

本文对未配备任何能量收集模块的静态无线传感器网络（WSN）的节能策略进行了全面分析。首先，提出了一种新颖的能源效率（EE）通用数学定义，它同时考虑了有效数据的获取率、总能耗和 WSN 的网络寿命。据我们所知，这是 WSN 的 EE 第一次在数学上定义。详细阐述了各个传感器节点和整个网络的能耗特性。据此，提出了有关能效的概念，即节能手段、节能层和节能视角。随后，对 2002 年至 2019 年提出的相关节能战略进行跟踪和审查。具体来说，它们分别分为五类：节能媒体访问控制协议、移动节点辅助方案、节能集群方案、节能路由方案和基于压缩感知的方案。对基本原理及其演变过程进行了详细的阐述。最后，对类别进行了进一步的分析，得出了相关结论。具体来说，详细分析了它们之间的相互依存关系、它们之间的关系以及节能手段、节能层和节能视角。此外，分别对它们的具体适用场景和相关统计分析进行了详细说明。统计图表说明了每个类别的引用比例和引用次数。此外，指出了新计算范式背景下无线传感器网络面临的现有机遇和挑战，以及未来有关EE的可行方向。