Hosts with high immune sensitivity benefit from rapid recovery but suffer multiple costs thereof. We distinguish between immunopathological costs due to collateral damage and autoimmune costs due to false positives against self. Selection on sensitivity follows different trajectories depending on the cost nature and the overlap degree between host- and parasitic molecular signatures. Increased parasite virulence selects for higher immune sensitivity under immunopathological costs but low sensitivity when the costs are autoimmune, contradicting previous theoretical results. Longer lifespan of the host selects for low sensitivity under immunopathology to avoid accumulated tissue damage. Under autoimmune costs, hosts with a shorter lifespan cannot afford to shorten it further due to autoimmunity and evolve lower immune sensitivity. Longer lifespan selects for high or low sensitivity depending on the presence of immune memory. These results extend our understanding of selection on immune sensitivity and help explain phenomena like the cytokine shock and chronic infections.

中文翻译：

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免疫病理学和自身免疫成本下免疫敏感性的演变

具有高免疫敏感性的宿主受益于快速恢复，但遭受了多重损失。我们区分了由于附带损害引起的免疫病理学费用和由于对自身的假阳性造成的自身免疫费用。根据成本性质以及宿主和寄生分子标记之间的重叠程度，对灵敏度的选择遵循不同的轨迹。寄生虫毒力的增加在免疫病理学费用下选择较高的免疫敏感性，而在自身免疫费用下选择较低的敏感性，这与先前的理论结果相矛盾。宿主的寿命较长，因此在免疫病理学下会选择低灵敏度，以避免累积的组织损伤。在自身免疫成本的情况下，寿命较短的宿主由于自身免疫无法承受进一步缩短其寿命并导致较低的免疫敏感性。根据免疫记忆的存在，更长的寿命选择高灵敏度还是低灵敏度。这些结果扩展了我们对免疫敏感性选择的理解，并有助于解释细胞因子休克和慢性感染等现象。