Successful regeneration of genetically modified plants from cell culture is highly dependent on the species, genotype, and tissue-type being targeted for transformation. Studies in some plant species have shown that when expression is altered, some genes regulating developmental processes are capable of triggering plant regeneration in a variety of plant cells and tissue-types previously identified as being recalcitrant to regeneration. In the present research, we report that developmental genes encoding GROWTH-REGULATING FACTORS positively enhance regeneration and transformation in both monocot and dicot species. In sugar beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris), ectopic expression of ArabidopsisGRF5 (AtGRF5) in callus cells accelerates shoot formation and dramatically increases transformation efficiency. More importantly, overexpression of AtGRF5 enables the production of stable transformants in recalcitrant sugar beet varieties. The introduction of AtGRF5 and GRF5 orthologs into canola (Brassica napus L.), soybean (Glycine max L.), and sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) results in significant increases in genetic transformation of the explant tissue. A positive effect on proliferation of transgenic callus cells in canola was observed upon overexpression of GRF5 genes and AtGRF6 and AtGRF9. In soybean and sunflower, the overexpression of GRF5 genes seems to increase the proliferation of transformed cells, promoting transgenic shoot formation. In addition, the transformation of two putative AtGRF5 orthologs in maize (Zea mays L.) significantly boosts transformation efficiency and resulted in fully fertile transgenic plants. Overall, the results suggest that overexpression of GRF genes render cells and tissues more competent to regeneration across a wide variety of crop species and regeneration processes. This sets GRFs apart from other developmental regulators and, therefore, they can potentially be applied to improve transformation of monocot and dicot plant species.

从细胞培养中成功地获得转基因植物，在很大程度上取决于转化的目标物种，基因型和组织类型。对某些植物物种的研究表明，当表达发生变化时，一些调控发育过程的基因能够触发各种植物细胞和先前被确定为难以抵抗的组织类型中的植物再生。在本研究中，我们报告了编码生长调节因子的发育基因正向增强单子叶植物和双子叶植物物种的再生和转化。在甜菜（Beta寻常ssp。寻常的），异位表达 拟南芥GRF5 （AtGRF5愈伤组织细胞中的）加速芽形成并显着提高转化效率。更重要的是，AtGRF5使顽固性甜菜品种中产生稳定的转化体。的简介AtGRF5 和 GRF5 直向同源物进入油菜甘蓝型油菜 L.），大豆（最大甘氨酸 L.）和向日葵（向日葵L.）导致外植体组织遗传转化的显着增加。过量表达油菜籽中观察到对低芥酸菜子中转基因愈伤组织细胞增殖具有积极作用。GRF5 基因和 AtGRF6 和 AtGRF9。在大豆和向日葵中，GRF5基因似乎增加了转化细胞的增殖，促进了转基因芽的形成。另外，两个推定的变换AtGRF5 玉米的直系同源物（玉米L.）大大提高了转化效率，并产生了完全可育的转基因植物。总体而言，结果表明GRF基因使细胞和组织在多种农作物物种和再生过程中具有更强的再生能力。这使GRF与其他发育调节剂脱颖而出，因此，它们有可能被用于改善单子叶植物和双子叶植物物种的转化。