Abstract

This study investigates the impact of Glomus mosseae on heavy metal(loid) (HM) uptake efficiency of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plants along with physiological and biochemical parameters. Plants were grown in soil spiked with HMs (Pb and As: 50 and 100 mg kg⁻¹; Cd: 25 and 50 mg kg⁻¹) and a multi-metal(loid) (Mm: Pb + Cd + As) combination, inoculated/non-inoculated with G. mosseae. A dose-dependent increase in HM accumulation was observed in plants upon harvest at 60 days. Plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, total nitrogen, and carbohydrates reduced, whereas enzymatic [catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX)] and non-enzymatic (proline and total phenolics) antioxidants increased upon HM stress. Inoculation with G. mosseae led to an increase in plant growth, concentration of photosynthetic pigments, carbohydrate, nitrogen, and defence antioxidants (whereas proline decreased) which was statistically significant (p ≤ 0.05). This symbiosis can be applied for onsite remediation of Pb and Cd contaminated soil by virtue of accumulation efficiency and adaptive response of pea plants inoculated with G. mosseae. Since the amount of HMs in edible parts exceeded the maximum permissible limits recommended by FAO/WHO, pea must not be cultivated in HM-contaminated soil for agricultural purpose due to associated toxicity.

• Novelty statement

• To our knowledge, phytoremediation potential of Pea in synchronization with Glomus mosseae has not been evaluated previously. This study highlights:

•  • Pea-AMF symbiosis can be applied for Pb and/or Cd phytoremediation.

•  • Target Hazard Quotient >1 for Pb, Cd and As; caution to food chain exposure required.

•  • Nonenzymatic (proline, TPC) and enzymatic (CAT, SOD, APX) antioxidants play a key role in ROS detoxification.

 抽象的

本研究探讨了Glomus mosseae对豌豆（ Pisum sativum L.）植物重金属（HM）吸收效率以及生理生化参数的影响。植物在掺有 HMs（Pb 和 As：50 和 100 mg kg ^-1 ；Cd：25 和 50 mg kg ^-1 ）和多金属（loid）（Mm：Pb + Cd + As）组合的土壤中生长，接种/未接种G. mosseae 。在 60 天收获时，观察到植物中 HM 积累呈剂量依赖性增加。 HM 处理后，植物生长、光合色素浓度、总氮和碳水化合物减少，而酶[过氧化氢酶 (CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶 (SOD) 和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶 (APX)] 和非酶（脯氨酸和总酚类）抗氧化剂增加压力。接种G. mosseae导致植物生长增加，光合色素、碳水化合物、氮和防御抗氧化剂的浓度增加（而脯氨酸减少），具有统计学意义（ p ≤ 0.05）。凭借接种G. mosseae的豌豆植物的积累效率和适应性反应，这种共生可应用于Pb和Cd污染土壤的现场修复。由于可食用部分中重金属的含量超过了联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织建议的最大允许限量，由于相关毒性，不得在受重金属污染的土壤中种植豌豆用于农业用途。

•  新颖性声明

• 
  据我们所知，豌豆与苔藓植物同步的植物修复潜力此前尚未得到评估。这项研究强调：

• 
  • 豌豆-AMF 共生可用于Pb 和/或Cd 植物修复。

• 
  • Pb、Cd 和 As 的目标危险系数 >1；需要注意食物链暴露。

• 
  • 非酶（脯氨酸、TPC）和酶（CAT、SOD、APX）抗氧化剂在 ROS 解毒中发挥关键作用。