Owing to the intensity of game management in Britain, managers of grouse moors have illegally killed raptors to increase the numbers of Red Grouse Lagopus l. scotica available for shooting. This paper summarizes evidence for the recent scale of illegal raptor killing on grouse moors and its effects on populations. It provides insights into how raptors themselves respond demographically to different levels of killing. Over Britain as a whole, most raptors have increased and expanded considerably since the 1970s, in response to reduced killing and nest destruction, and the diminished impacts of organo‐chlorine pesticides; however, in recent decades the populations of some species have declined on and around grouse moors. This is widely evident in Hen Harrier Circus cyaneus, Peregrine Falcon Falco peregrinus and Golden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos populations and in more restricted areas also in Northern Goshawk Accipiter gentilis and Red Kite Milvus milvus populations, in all of which illegal killing has been sufficient to affect numbers over wider areas. The evidence consists mainly of: (1) greater disappearance of nesting pairs, lower breeding densities or reduced occupancy of apparently suitable traditional territories on grouse moors compared with other areas; (2) reduced nest success compared with other areas; (3) reduced adult survival compared with other areas; (4) reduced age of first breeding, reflecting the removal of adults from nesting territories and their replacement by birds in immature plumage; (5) greater levels of disappearance of satellite‐tracked birds on grouse moors than elsewhere; and (6) the finding of poisoned baits and traps, and shot or poisoned carcasses of raptors. Not all these types of evidence are available for every species, and other types of evidence are available for some. The Common Buzzard Buteo buteo is currently the most numerous raptor in Britain and also seems to be killed in the greatest numbers. Other raptor species, including Merlin Falco columbarius, Common Kestrel Falco tinnunculus and Eurasian Sparrowhawk Accipiter nisus which nest on or near grouse moors, have little or no significant impact on grouse and are killed less often or not at all. In the absence of illegal killing, some raptor species breed as well or better on grouse moors than in other habitats. Merlins, in particular, seem to thrive on grouse moors, benefiting from the management involved (including predator control). Other aspects of illegal raptor killing are discussed, including suggestions for ways in which it might be reduced.

中文翻译：

---

在松鸡沼泽上杀死猛禽：证据和影响

由于英国游戏管理的密集度，松鸡高沼地的管理者非法杀害了猛禽以增加红松鸡Lagopus l的数量。scotica可用于拍摄。本文总结了最近的非法猛禽杀死松鸡沼泽的证据及其对人口的影响。它提供了有关猛禽自身如何在人口统计学上对不同杀戮水平做出反应的见解。整个英国，自1970年代以来，由于减少的杀戮和筑巢破坏以及有机氯杀虫剂的影响减少，大多数猛禽已经大量增加和扩展。但是，近几十年来，松鸡沼地及其周边地区某些物种的种群数量有所下降。这在Hen Harrier circus cyaneus中很明显，游隼法尔科游隼和金鹰拉奎拉金雕的人口和更多的禁区也苍鹰雀鹰gentilis和红风筝鸢属鸢属人口，所有这些人的非法杀戮已足以影响更广泛地区的人数。证据主要包括：（1）与其他地区相比，松鸡沼地上看似合适的传统领土上的成对对消失得更多，繁殖密度降低或占有率降低；（2）与其他地区相比降低了筑巢成功率；（3）与其他地区相比成人成活率降低；（4）降低了首次繁殖的年龄，这反映了成年鸟从筑巢区被带走，并被未成熟羽毛的鸟替代；（5）松鸡高沼地上卫星追踪鸟类的消失程度高于其他地方；（六）发现中毒的毒饵，诱捕器，猛禽的shot体或中毒尸体。并非所有物种都可以获得所有这些类型的证据，还有其他一些证据。普通秃鹰布特奥布特奥目前是英国数量最多的猛禽，而且似乎也被杀人数最多。其他猛禽物种，包括在松鸡沼泽地上或附近筑巢的梅林猎鹰co，普通茶est猎鹰和欧亚麻雀鹰Acc，对松鸡影响很小或没有显着影响，很少或根本没有被杀死。在没有非法杀害的情况下，一些猛禽在松鸡沼地上的繁殖能力要好于其他栖息地。尤其是Merlins，似乎从松鸡沼泽中（壮成长，并从相关的管理（包括掠食者控制）中受益。讨论了非法猛禽杀害的其他方面，包括有关减少猛禽的方法的建议。