1. Broad-scale assessment of biodiversity is needed for detection of future changes across substantial regions of the Arctic. Presently, there are large data and information gaps in species composition and richness of the freshwater planktonic and meiobenthos communities of the Russian Arctic. Analysis of these data is very important for identifying the spatial distribution and temporal changes in species richness and diversity of rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods in the continental Russian Arctic.
2. We investigated biogeographic patterns of freshwater plankton and meiobenthos from c. 67° to 73°N by analysing data over the period 1960–2017. These data include information on the composition of rotifers, cladocerans, and copepods obtained from planktonic and meiobenthic samples, as well as from subfossil remains in bottom sediments of seven regions from the Kola Peninsula in the west, to the Indigirka River Basin (east Siberia) in the east.
3. Total richness included 175 species comprised of 49 rotifer genera, 81 species from 40 cladoceran genera, and 101 species from 42 genera of calanoid, cyclopoid, and harpacticoid copepods. Longitudinal trends in rotifer and micro-crustacean diversity were revealed by change in species composition from Europe to eastern Siberia. The most common and widespread species were 19 ubiquitous taxa that included Kellicottia longispina (Rotifera), Chydorus sphaericus s. lat. (Cladocera), Heterocope borealis, Acanthocyclops vernalis, and Moraria duthiei (Copepoda). The highest number of rare species was recorded in the well-studied region of the Bolshezemelskaya tundra and in the Putorana Plateau.
4. The total number of copepod and rotifer species in both Arctic lakes and ponds tended to increase with latitude. Relative species richness of copepods was positively associated with waterbody area, elevation, and precipitation, while relative species richness of cladocerans was positively related to temperature. This result is consistent with known thermophilic characteristics of cladocerans and the cold tolerance properties of copepods, with the former being dominant in shallow, warmer waterbodies of some western regions, and the latter being dominant in large cold lakes and waterbodies of eastern regions. Rotifers showed a negative association with these factors.
5. Alpha- and β-diversity of zooplankton in the Russian Arctic were strongly related to waterbody type. Lake zooplankton communities were more diverse than those in pond and pool systems. Moreover, the highest β-diversity values were observed in regions that showed a greater breadth in latitude and highly heterogeneous environmental conditions and waterbody types (Bolshezemelskaya tundra and Putorana Plateau).
6. Redistribution of freshwater micro-fauna caused by human activities occurred in the 1990s and 2000s. As a result of climate warming, a few cladoceran species appear to have extended their range northward. Nevertheless, the rotifer and micro-crustacean fauna composition and diversity of the majority of Arctic regions generally remain temporally conservative, and spatial differences in composition and species richness are chiefly associated with the differences between the warmer European and colder east Siberian climates.

中文翻译：

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俄罗斯北极内陆水域浮游和小型底栖动物多样性的生物地理格局

1. 需要对生物多样性进行广泛评估，以检测北极大部分地区的未来变化。目前，俄罗斯北极地区淡水浮游和小型底栖动物群落的物种组成和丰富度存在大量数据和信息缺口。分析这些数据对于确定俄罗斯北极大陆轮虫、枝角类和桡足类物种丰富度和多样性的空间分布和时间变化非常重要。
2. 我们研究了来自c的淡水浮游生物和小型底栖动物的生物地理模式。通过分析 1960-2017 年期间的数据，北纬 67° 至 73°。这些数据包括从浮游生物和小型底栖生物样本中获得的轮虫、枝角类动物和桡足类的组成信息，以及从西部科拉半岛到英迪吉尔卡河流域（东西伯利亚）的七个区域底部沉积物中的亚化石残骸在东方。
3. 总丰富度包括 175 个物种，包括 49 个轮虫属，81 个物种来自 40 个枝角类，以及来自 42 个属的 calanoid、cyclopoid 和 harpacticoid 桡足类的 101 个物种。从欧洲到东西伯利亚的物种组成变化揭示了轮虫和微型甲壳动物多样性的纵向趋势。最常见和分布最广的物种是 19 个普遍存在的分类群，其中包括Kellicottia longispina (Rotifera)、Chydorus sphaericus s。纬度 (Cladocera)、Heterocope borealis、Acanthocyclops vernalis和Moraria duthiei (Copepoda)。在经过充分研究的 Bolshezemelskaya 苔原地区和 Putorana 高原记录了最多的稀有物种。
4. 北极湖泊和池塘中桡足类和轮虫种类的总数随着纬度的增加呈增加趋势。桡足类物种相对丰富度与水体面积、海拔、降水量呈正相关，枝角类物种相对丰富度与温度呈正相关。这一结果与已知的枝角类嗜热特征和桡足类的耐寒特性一致，前者在西部一些地区较浅、较温暖的水体中占优势，后者在东部地区的大型寒冷湖泊和水体中占优势。轮虫与这些因素呈负相关。
5. 俄罗斯北极地区浮游动物的α-和β-多样性与水体类型密切相关。湖泊浮游动物群落比池塘和水池系统中的更多样化。此外，在纬度范围更大、环境条件和水体类型高度异质的地区（Bolshezezemelskaya 苔原和 Putorana 高原）观察到了最高的 β 多样性值。
6. 1990年代和2000年代人类活动引起的淡水微型动物群的重新分布。由于气候变暖，一些枝角类物种似乎已经向北扩展了它们的范围。尽管如此，北极大部分地区的轮虫和微型甲壳动物的动物群组成和多样性总体上保持时间保守，组成和物种丰富度的空间差异主要与温暖的欧洲气候和寒冷的东西伯利亚气候之间的差异有关。