While coexistence with wildlife is a key goal of conservation, little is known about it or how to study it. By coexistence we mean a sustainable though dynamic state in which humans and wildlife coadapt to sharing landscapes, where human interactions with wildlife are effectively governed to ensure wildlife populations persist in socially legitimate ways that ensure tolerable risk levels. Problems that arise from current conflict-oriented framing of human-wildlife interactions include reinforcing a human-nature dichotomy as fundamentally oppositional, suggesting coexistence requires the absence of conflict, and skewing research and management toward direct negative impacts over indirect impacts and positive aspects of living with wildlife. Human behavior toward wildlife is framed as rational calculus of costs and benefits, sidelining emotional and cultural dimensions of these interactions. Coexistence is less studied due to unfamiliarity with relevant methodologies, including qualitative methods, self-reflexivity and ethical rigor, and constraints on funding and time. These challenges are illustrated with examples from fieldwork in India and Africa. We recommend a basic approach to case studies aimed at expanding the scope of inquiries into human-wildlife relations beyond studies of rational behavior and quantification of costs and benefits of wildlife to humans. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

中文翻译：

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重新思考人类与野生动物共存的研究

虽然与野生动物共存是保护的一个关键目标，但人们对它或如何研究它知之甚少。我们所说的共存是指一种可持续但动态的状态，在这种状态下，人类和野生动物共同适应共享景观，人类与野生动物的互动得到有效管理，以确保野生动物种群以社会合法的方式持续存在，从而确保可承受的风险水平。当前以冲突为导向的人类与野生动物互动框架产生的问题包括强化人类与自然的二分法从根本上对立，表明共存需要没有冲突，以及将研究和管理偏向于直接负面影响而不是间接影响和生活的积极方面与野生动物。人类对野生动物的行为被视为对成本和收益的理性计算，撇开这些互动的情感和文化维度。由于不熟悉相关方法，包括定性方法、自我反思和道德严谨性，以及资金和时间的限制，共存的研究较少。这些挑战通过印度和非洲实地工作的例子来说明。我们建议采用一种基本的案例研究方法，旨在扩大对人类与野生动物关系的调查范围，超越对野生动物对人类的理性行为和成本和收益的量化研究。本文受版权保护。版权所有。这些挑战通过印度和非洲实地工作的例子来说明。我们建议采用一种基本的案例研究方法，旨在扩大对人类与野生动物关系的调查范围，超越对野生动物对人类的理性行为和成本和收益的量化研究。本文受版权保护。版权所有。这些挑战通过印度和非洲实地工作的例子来说明。我们建议采用一种基本的案例研究方法，旨在扩大对人类与野生动物关系的调查范围，超越对野生动物对人类的理性行为和成本和收益的量化研究。本文受版权保护。版权所有。