Abstract This work analyzed the influence of different application protocols on the efficacy of two biocides against the foliose lichen Xanthoparmelia tinctina on the sandstones of the Roman Archaeological site of Luni (Italy). The hypotheses that (a) biocide application tools (brush vs. poultice), (b) pre-treatment hydration, and (c) post-treatment washing may affect devitalization success were verified by monitoring chlorophyll a fluorescence of thalli, both in situ and in laboratory conditions. The hypothesis that (d) stone substrate may act as reservoir for later biocide release under repeated cycles of wetting and drying was also assayed. Analyses confirmed the importance of the application tool, with cellulose poultice being more effective than brush. Hydration influenced the biocide absorption by thalli. Moreover it modulated the metabolic activity and susceptibility to the available toxic compound, hindering lichens from entering a dormant state to tolerate stress. Depending on the preparation solvent (water vs. white spirit), the biocide application benefited from pre-treatment hydration and/or a post-treatment washing. Lastly, we showed that different sandstones variously adsorb the biocides and potentially contribute as a reservoir for their long-term release at low concentrations during successive hydration events.

中文翻译：

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应用协议影响杀生物剂对地衣的有效性

摘要 这项工作分析了不同应用方案对两种杀菌剂对 Luni（意大利）罗马考古遗址砂岩上的叶状地衣 Xanthoparmelia tinctina 效力的影响。通过监测原位和原位菌体的叶绿素荧光，验证了 (a) 杀生物剂应用工具（刷子与膏药）、(b) 预处理水化和 (c) 处理后洗涤可能影响灭活成功的假设。在实验室条件下。还分析了 (d) 石头基材在反复润湿和干燥循环下可作为后期杀菌剂释放的储库的假设。分析证实了应用工具的重要性，纤维素膏剂比刷子更有效。水合作用影响了菌体对杀生物剂的吸收。此外，它调节代谢活动和对可用有毒化合物的敏感性，阻止地衣进入休眠状态以承受压力。取决于制备溶剂（水与石油溶剂油），杀菌剂应用受益于预处理水合和/或后处理洗涤。最后，我们表明，不同的砂岩不同程度地吸附杀生物剂，并有可能在连续水化事件中作为低浓度长期释放的储层。