Electroporation is employed ever more frequently and broadly to deliver energy to tissues and liquid media in various applications, thus answering questions on the associated electrochemistry and electrode material alteration is becoming important. The aim of the present study is firstly to introduce and elucidate the basic relations between voltage, current, electrical impedance, and heat generation in the medium, and secondly, to characterize electrode material alteration due to pulse delivery, both by performing an in vitro and an in-silico study. Saline was used as a(n) (over)simplified model medium representing biological tissue, and exposed to high-amplitude, high-current electroporation pulses of varying duration, polarity, and pulse repetition rate. The controlled experiment was conducted by using seven different electrode metals of high purity, delivering pulses using three different protocols, and concurrently or sequentially measuring as many physical properties as available (electric current, voltage, electrode-electrolyte impedance, temperature). The intent is to present a multi-physics approach to what is occurring during procedures such as in vivo electrochemotherapy, gene delivery and in vitro gene transfection, intracardiac irreversible electroporation/pulsed-field ablation, or indeed electroporation in liquid food products such as juice. Modelling is also used to see whether it is possible to detect, via electrical measurements, any alterations in medium properties (e.g. composition) due to electrochemical effects, and if any such effects can be decoupled from the ohmic and thermal effects. Water electrolysis was observed indirectly (gas production), but not detected by electrical measurements during pulse application. Reactions at the electrodes alter the electrode electrical properties depending on the electrode material as expected, which might be important especially in applications where the same electrodes are used for delivery of electroporation pulses and also for sensing small electrical signals such as ECG for example. The demonstrated approach using saline as a model medium allows for rapid validation, and can more easily be developed further, as compared to experiments with more complex electrode materials (e.g. alloys), media (e.g. fluids, growth media, biological cell suspensions), or tissues.

在各种应用中，电穿孔被越来越频繁和广泛地用于向组织和液体介质传递能量，因此回答有关电化学和电极材料改变的问题变得很重要。本研究的目的是首先介绍并阐明介质中电压，电流，电阻抗和热量产生之间的基本关系，其次，通过进行体外和体外实验来表征由于脉冲输送而导致的电极材料变化。一个在计算机芯片研究。盐水用作代表生物组织的（过度）简化模型介质，并暴露于持续时间，极性和脉冲重复频率不同的高振幅，高电流电穿孔脉冲中。通过使用七种不同的高纯度电极金属，使用三种不同的协议传送脉冲，并同时或顺序地测量尽可能多的物理性质（电流，电压，电极-电解质阻抗，温度）来进行受控实验。目的是提出一种多物理方法，以解决诸如体内电化学疗法，基因传递和体外等程序中发生的事情基因转染，心内不可逆电穿孔/脉冲场消融，或者实际上是液体食品（例如果汁）中的电穿孔。还使用建模来查看是否有可能通过电测量来检测由于电化学效应而引起的介质特性（例如成分）的任何变化，以及是否可以将这种效应与欧姆效应和热效应分离。间接观察到水电解（产生气体），但在脉冲施加期间未通过电学测量检测到水电解。电极上的反应会根据期望的电极材料而改变电极的电性能，这可能尤其重要，特别是在使用相同的电极传递电穿孔脉冲并检测小电信号（例如ECG）的应用中。