Construction hybrid water electrolysis systems by coupling the urea oxidation reaction (UOR) with the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) can potentially increase the energy efficiency for H₂ production and remedy the environmental pollution of urea. In this work, we demonstrated the synthesis of a HER-UOR bifunctional self-supported composite electrode, composed of metal-organic framework-derived low-Ru-content-doped Co₂P nanoparticles/N-doped carbon composite nanosheets supported on 3D Ni foam substrates (Ru-Co₂P/N-C/NF). Benefiting from the synergism of compositional and structural merits, the resultant self-supported Ru-Co₂P/N-C/NF composite exhibited excellent electrocatalytic performance for both HER and UOR. Remarkably, the two-electrode urea electrolysis system composed of the bifunctional Ru-Co₂P/N-C/NF composite electrode as both the cathode and anode could achieve a current density of 100 mA cm^-2 with a voltage of 1.58 V in 1 M KOH containing 0.5 M urea.