The development and assessment of subgrid-scale (SGS) models for large-eddy simulations of the atmospheric boundary layer is an active research area. In this study, we compare the performance of the classical Smagorinsky model, the Lagrangian-averaged scale-dependent (LASD) model, and the anisotropic minimum dissipation (AMD) model. The LASD model has been widely used in the literature for 15 years, while the AMD model was recently developed. Both the AMD and the LASD models allow three-dimensional variation of SGS coefficients and are therefore suitable to model heterogeneous flows over complex terrain or around a wind farm. We perform a one-to-one comparison of these SGS models for neutral, stable, and unstable atmospheric boundary layers. We find that the LASD and the AMD models capture the logarithmic velocity profile and the turbulence energy spectra better than the Smagorinsky model. In stable and unstable boundary-layer simulations, the AMD and LASD model results agree equally well with results from a high-resolution reference simulation. The performance analysis of the models reveals that the computational overhead of the AMD model and the LASD model compared to the Smagorinsky model is approximately 10% and 30% respectively. The LASD model has a higher computational and memory overhead because of the global filtering operations and Lagrangian tracking procedure, which can result in bottlenecks when the model is used in extensive simulations. These bottlenecks are absent in the AMD model, which makes it an attractive SGS model for large-scale simulations of turbulent boundary layers.

中文翻译：

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分层大气边界层的大涡模拟：不同子网格模型的比较

用于大气边界层大涡模拟的亚网格尺度 (SGS) 模型的开发和评估是一个活跃的研究领域。在本研究中，我们比较了经典 Smagorinsky 模型、拉格朗日平均尺度相关 (LASD) 模型和各向异性最小耗散 (AMD) 模型的性能。LASD 模型在文献中广泛使用了 15 年，而 AMD 模型是最近开发的。AMD 和 LASD 模型都允许 SGS 系数的三维变化，因此适用于模拟复杂地形上或风电场周围的异质流。我们针对中性、稳定和不稳定的大气边界层对这些 SGS 模型进行了一对一比较。我们发现 LASD 和 AMD 模型比 Smagorinsky 模型更好地捕获对数速度剖面和湍流能谱。在稳定和不稳定的边界层模拟中，AMD 和 LASD 模型结果与高分辨率参考模拟的结果一致。模型的性能分析表明，与 Smagorinsky 模型相比，AMD 模型和 LASD 模型的计算开销分别约为 10% 和 30%。由于全局滤波操作和拉格朗日跟踪程序，LASD 模型具有更高的计算和内存开销，当模型用于广泛的模拟时会导致瓶颈。这些瓶颈在 AMD 模型中不存在，