True causality is impossible to capture with observational studies. Nevertheless, within the boundaries of observational studies, researchers can follow three steps to answer causal questions in the most optimal way possible. Researchers must: (a) repeatedly assess the same constructs over time in a specific sample; (b) consider the temporal sequence of effects between constructs; and (c) use an analytical strategy that distinguishes within from between-person effects. In this context, it is demonstrated how the random intercepts cross-lagged panel model can be a useful statistical technique. A real-life example of the relationship between loneliness and quality of life in adolescents with congenital heart disease is provided to show how the model can be practically implemented.

中文翻译：

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改善观察数据因果推断的指南


通过观察研究不可能捕捉到真正的因果关系。然而，在观察性研究的范围内，研究人员可以按照三个步骤以尽可能最佳的方式回答因果问题。研究人员必须： (a) 随着时间的推移，在特定样本中重复评估相同的结构； (b) 考虑结构之间影响的时间顺序； (c) 使用区分内部效应和人际效应的分析策略。在这种情况下，证明了随机截距交叉滞后面板模型如何成为一种有用的统计技术。提供了患有先天性心脏病的青少年孤独感与生活质量之间关系的现实例子，以展示如何实际实施该模型。