The comprehensive understanding of early embryo development is essential to optimize in vitro culture conditions. Protein expression landscape of parthenogenetically produced embryo remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the protein expression dynamics with a particular focus on energy metabolism throughout the early developmental stages of parthenogenetic buffalo embryos. For this purpose, we performed iTRAQ‐based quantitative mass spectrometry and identified 280 proteins common in all stages. A total of 933 proteins were identified during the proteomics analysis. The data depicted that morula and blastocyst had distinct protein expression dynamics as compared to 2‐ to 16‐cell‐stage embryo. KEGG pathway analysis showed 23 proteins belonging to energy metabolism appeared in the data. Study of energy metabolism‐related protein's expression pattern demonstrated that there was asynchrony in proteins related to glycolysis throughout the examined developmental stages. The expression pattern of pyruvate kinase mutase (PKM), an essential protein of glycolysis, indicated a slightly decreasing trend from 2‐cell‐stage embryo to blastocyst, and it was supported by expression of proteins involved in lactate production (LDHA and LDHB) suggesting the decreasing rate of aerobic glycolysis (Warburg Effect) at morula and blastocyst stage. The increased Warburg Effect is considered as the hallmark of proliferating cells or embryo at the blastocyst stage. Furthermore, the proteins involved in the citric acid cycle also showed down‐regulation at the blastocyst stage, indicating a lesser role of oxidative phosphorylation at this stage. Therefore, it could be divulged from the study that there may be an irregular pattern of energy metabolism in early parthenogenetic embryos. Further studies are recommended to understand this phenomenon.

中文翻译：

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蛋白质组学分析表明，单性生殖激活的沼泽水牛胚胎具有失调的能量代谢

对早期胚胎发育的全面了解对于优化体外培养条件至关重要。单性生殖产生的胚胎的蛋白质表达格局仍待探索。这项研究旨在调查蛋白质表达动力学，特别是在孤雌生殖水牛胚胎整个早期发育阶段的能量代谢。为此，我们进行了基于iTRAQ的定量质谱分析，并鉴定了所有阶段共有的280种蛋白质。在蛋白质组学分析中共鉴定出933种蛋白质。数据显示，桑2和胚泡与2到16细胞期胚胎相比具有不同的蛋白质表达动力学。KEGG通路分析表明，数据中存在23种属于能量代谢的蛋白质。能量代谢相关蛋白的研究 的表达模式表明在整个检查的发育阶段中与糖酵解相关的蛋白质存在异步性。丙酮酸激酶突变酶（PKM）的表达模式是糖酵解的必需蛋白，表明从2细胞期胚胎到胚泡的趋势略有下降，并且其表达受乳酸盐生产相关蛋白（LDHA和LDHB）的支持。桑ula和胚泡期有氧糖酵解（Warburg效应）的降低速率。Warburg效应的增强被认为是在胚泡期增殖细胞或胚胎的标志。此外，参与柠檬酸循环的蛋白质在胚泡期也显示出下调的趋势，表明在该阶段氧化磷酸化的作用较小。因此，从研究中可以发现，早期孤雌生殖胚胎可能存在不规则的能量代谢模式。建议进一步研究以了解这种现象。