Host–virus interactions and defense mechanisms for giant viruses,Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences

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Host–virus interactions and defense mechanisms for giant viruses
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences ( IF 4.1 ) Pub Date : 2020-10-08 , DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14469
Nisrine Chelkha ₁ , Anthony Levasseur _{1,

2} , Bernard La Scola _{1,

2} , Philippe Colson _{1,

2}

Affiliation

Giant viruses, with virions larger than 200 nm and genomes larger than 340 kilobase pairs, modified the now outdated perception of the virosphere. With virions now reported reaching up to 1.5 μm in size and genomes of up to 2.5 Mb encoding components shared with cellular life forms, giant viruses exhibit a complexity similar to microbes, such as bacteria and archaea. Here, we review interactions of giant viruses with their hosts and defense strategies of giant viruses against their hosts and coinfecting microorganisms or virophages. We also searched by comparative genomics for homologies with proteins described or suspected to be involved in defense mechanisms. Our search reveals that natural immunity and apoptosis seem to be crucial components of the host defense against giant virus infection. Conversely, giant viruses possess methods of hijacking host functions to counteract cellular antiviral responses. In addition, giant viruses may encode other unique and complex pathways to manipulate the host machinery and eliminate other competing microorganisms. Notably, giant viruses have evolved defense mechanisms against their virophages and they might trigger defense systems against other viruses through sequence integration. We anticipate that comparative genomics may help identifying genes involved in defense strategies of both giant viruses and their hosts.

中文翻译：

宿主-病毒相互作用和巨型病毒的防御机制

巨型病毒的病毒粒子大于 200 纳米，基因组大于 340 千碱基对，改变了目前过时的病毒圈认知。目前据报道，病毒粒子的大小可达 1.5 μm，基因组大小可达 2.5 Mb，编码与细胞生命形式共享的成分，巨型病毒表现出与细菌和古细菌等微生物相似的复杂性。在这里，我们回顾了巨型病毒与其宿主的相互作用以及巨型病毒针对宿主和共感染微生物或噬病毒体的防御策略。我们还通过比较基因组学搜索与描述或怀疑参与防御机制的蛋白质的同源性。我们的研究表明，自然免疫和细胞凋亡似乎是宿主防御巨型病毒感染的关键组成部分。相反，巨型病毒拥有劫持宿主功能以抵消细胞抗病毒反应的方法。此外，巨型病毒可能会编码其他独特而复杂的途径来操纵宿主机器并消除其他竞争性微生物。值得注意的是，巨型病毒已经进化出针对噬菌体的防御机制，并且它们可能通过序列整合触发针对其他病毒的防御系统。我们预计比较基因组学可能有助于识别参与巨型病毒及其宿主防御策略的基因。

更新日期：2020-10-08

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