Abstract The study of archaeological remains of charcoal kilns is a fast growing field of research. The history and evolution of different types of (pre)historical charcoal production features is still poorly understood however. Based on a large number of radiocarbon dated charcoal kilns from Belgium and the Netherlands, covering c. 2500 years, a typology and chronology of charcoal kilns is presented. The oldest charcoal production features date to the late Iron Age, though many of these dates seem to suffer from an old-wood effect and might actually date to the Early Roman period. Both Iron Age and Roman period charcoal production is done in rectangular pit kilns. During the Early Middle Ages, there is a shift to circular pit kilns which become the dominant kiln type during the High Middle Ages. From c.1300 CE onwards, charcoal is no longer produced in pit kilns, but a new kiln type, i.e. the mound kiln is used. The size of the charcoal (pit) kilns decreases from the Roman period till c. 1300 CE when, with the use of mound kilns the volume of produced charcoal dramatically increases. These changes in kiln size most likely reflect changes in both the organisation, scale and technology of iron production in the Low Countries.

中文翻译：

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低地国家 2500 年的木炭生产：木炭窑的年代和类型及其与早期铁生产的关系

摘要 木炭窑考古遗迹的研究是一个快速发展的研究领域。然而，对不同类型（史前）木炭生产特征的历史和演变仍然知之甚少。基于来自比利时和荷兰的大量放射性碳测年木炭窑，涵盖 c. 2500 年，介绍了木炭窑的类型和年表。最古老的木炭生产特征可以追溯到铁器时代晚期，尽管其中许多日期似乎受到老木效应的影响，实际上可能可以追溯到早期罗马时期。铁器时代和罗马时期的木炭生产都是在矩形坑窑中完成的。在中世纪早期，圆形坑窑转变为中世纪盛期的主要窑类型。从公元 1300 年开始，木炭不再在坑窑中生产，而是使用一种新的窑型，即土窑。木炭（坑）窑的规模从罗马时期减少到c。公元 1300 年，随着土窑的使用，生产的木炭量急剧增加。窑炉规模的这些变化很可能反映了低地国家铁生产的组织、规模和技术的变化。