The bioeconomy is generally conceived as an economy based on land- and marine-based natural resources including eco-system services and biowaste. The dominant research has focused on the resource approach, i.e. the supply of different biomass products and services. Less emphasis has been put on the products and services stemming from the bioresources and the value differences these may have for individual entrepreneurs, for circular economy clusters or for municipalities and regions. This article is a first attempt for a more comprehensive assessment of regional economic and social impacts of the new bioeconomy in the Nordic countries. Combining employment statistics and empirical cases, we show how the new bioeconomy makes important contributions to more environmentally and socially sustainable economic growth, particularly in the rural areas of the Nordics. The data and cases show the importance of the regional and local levels in creating the new institutional structures for cooperation between firms and public authorities that pave the way for successful synergistic clusters. Such clusters allow for a reduction in waste streams and the replacement of fossil fuels and other inputs, while also creating significant local added value, local jobs and reducing climate emissions.

中文翻译：

---

生物经济——北欧国家区域发展的驱动力

生物经济通常被认为是一种基于陆地和海洋自然资源的经济，包括生态系统服务和生物废物。主要研究集中在资源方法上，即不同生物质产品和服务的供应。较少强调源自生物资源的产品和服务以及这些产品和服务对个体企业家、循环经济集群或城市和地区可能具有的价值差异。本文首次尝试更全面地评估新生物经济对北欧国家的区域经济和社会影响。结合就业统计数据和实证案例，我们展示了新的生物经济如何为更环境和社会可持续的经济增长做出重要贡献，特别是在北欧的农村地区。数据和案例显示了区域和地方层面在为企业和公共当局之间的合作创造新的体制结构方面的重要性，为成功的协同集群铺平了道路。这样的集群可以减少废物流并替代化石燃料和其他投入，同时还可以创造显着的当地附加值、当地就业机会并减少气候排放。