Although concentrations of pharmaceutical compounds in aquatic ecosystems are low, they can cause toxic effects on organisms. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diclofenac (DCF), a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and caffeine (CAF), a central nervous system stimulant, both alone or combined, in Astyanax altiparanae males under acute exposure (96 h), measuring neurotoxicity biomarkers, antioxidant response and damage at biochemical and cellular levels. DCF concentration in water, separated and combined, was 3.08 mg L⁻¹ and that of CAF was 9.59 mg L⁻¹. To assess neurotoxicity, brain and muscle acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities were measured. To evaluate oxidative stress, the enzymatic activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), catalase (CAT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), as well as lipoperoxidation (LPO), were analyzed in liver and gills. Activity of hepatic cyclooxygenase (COX) was also evaluated. Genotoxicity was assessed in blood using comet assay and micronucleus test, as well as nuclear abnormalities. DCF and CAF, alone or combined, had neither effect on AChE activity, nor in the activity of SOD, CAT, GPx and GST in gills. In liver, DCF inhibited SOD and GPx activity, CAF inhibited CAT activity, the mixture inhibited SOD and GST activity; although only fish exposed to CAF showed increased hepatic LPO. Under these experimental conditions, no effect on COX activity was observed, nor cytotoxic and genotoxic damage. The most pronounced effects were caused by the drugs separately, since both compounds altered the enzymes, but only CAF triggered LPO, showing more harmful effects.

尽管水生生态系统中药物化合物的浓度较低，但它们可能对生物造成毒性作用。这项研究的目的是评估非甾体类抗炎药双氯芬酸（DCF）和中枢神经系统兴奋剂咖啡因（CAF）单独或联合对急性暴露的Astyanax altiparanae男性的影响（ 96小时），在生物化学和细胞水平上测量神经毒性生物标志物，抗氧化剂反应和损伤。分离和合并的水中DCF浓度为3.08 mg L ^-1，CAF为9.59 mg L ^-1。为了评估神经毒性，测量了大脑和肌肉的乙酰胆碱酯酶（AChE）活性。为了评估氧化应激，在肝脏和and中分析了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD），谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（GPx），过氧化氢酶（CAT）和谷胱甘肽S-转移酶（GST）以及脂过氧化（LPO）的酶活性。还评估了肝环氧合酶（COX）的活性。使用彗星试验和微核试验以及核异常评估了血液中的基因毒性。DCF和CAF单独或联合使用均不会影响A的AChE活性，也不会影响其D中SOD，CAT，GPx和GST的活性。在肝脏中，DCF抑制SOD和GPx活性，CAF抑制CAT活性，该混合物抑制SOD和GST活性。尽管只有暴露于CAF的鱼才表现出肝脏LPO增加。在这些实验条件下，没有观察到对COX活性的影响，也没有细胞毒性和遗传毒性损害。最明显的影响是分别由药物引起的，因为两种化合物都改变了酶，但是只有CAF触发了LPO，显示出更多的有害作用。