Welfare assessment has traditionally been performed by direct observation by humans, providing information at only selected points in time. Recently, this assessment method has been questioned, as 'Precision Livestock Farming' technologies may be able to deliver more valid, reliable and feasible real-time data at the individual level and serve as early monitoring systems for animal welfare. The aim of this paper is to describe how accelerometers can be used for welfare assessment based on the principles of the Welfare Quality assessment protocol. Algorithm development is based mainly on the detection of behavioural traits. So far, high accuracies have been found for movement and resting behaviours in cows and pigs, while algorithm development for feeding and drinking behaviours in pigs lag behind progress in cows where valid algorithms are already available. Welfare studies have used accelerometer technology to address the effects on behaviour of diet, daily cycle, enrichment, housing, social mixing, oestrus, lameness and disease. Additional aspects to consider before a decision is made upon its use in research and in practical applications include battery life and sensor location. While accelerometer systems for cows are already being used by farmers, application in pigs has mainly remained at the research level.

中文翻译：

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加速度计系统作为牛和猪健康和福利评估的工具——综述

福利评估传统上是通过人类直接观察进行的，仅在选定的时间点提供信息。最近，这种评估方法受到质疑，因为“精准畜牧业”技术可能能够在个体层面提供更有效、可靠和可行的实时数据，并作为动物福利的早期监测系统。本文的目的是描述加速度计如何根据福利质量评估协议的原则用于福利评估。算法开发主要基于行为特征的检测。到目前为止，已经发现牛和猪的运动和休息行为具有很高的准确性，而猪的进食和饮水行为的算法开发落后于已经可用有效算法的奶牛的进展。福利研究使用加速度计技术来解决对饮食行为、日常周期、丰容、住房、社会融合、发情、跛足和疾病的影响。在决定将其用于研究和实际应用之前要考虑的其他方面包括电池寿命和传感器位置。虽然奶牛的加速度计系统已经被农民使用，但在猪身上的应用主要停留在研究层面。在决定将其用于研究和实际应用之前要考虑的其他方面包括电池寿命和传感器位置。虽然奶牛的加速度计系统已经被农民使用，但在猪身上的应用主要停留在研究层面。在决定将其用于研究和实际应用之前要考虑的其他方面包括电池寿命和传感器位置。虽然奶牛的加速度计系统已经被农民使用，但在猪身上的应用主要停留在研究层面。